Photo Oy
F. Chant, Parkstone.
ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE
O.M., LL.D., D.C.L., F.R.S.
ft/
OF THK
AND
HISTORY
FIELD SLOB.
f\ HENRY SVMONOS,
VOLUME XXXV
Dorchester :
PRINTED AT THE "DORSET COUNTY CHRONICLE " OFFICE.
1914
, Parkstone.
A L i ? . h I "> \< U SSEL WALL \C K
O.M , LL.IV, D.C.L., F.R.S,
OF THE
DORSET D&TURAIt
FIELD
EDITED BY
HENRY SYMONDS.
VOLUME XXXV.
Dorchester :
PRINTED AT THE "DORSET COUNTY CHRONICLE" OFFICE.
* •* * ' *+.
<AV 28
84730 DA
. 35-
CONTENTS.
List of Officers of the Club since its Inauguration . . . ,
Rules of the Club
List of Officers and Honorary Members . . . ,
List of Members . . • • • •.
List of New Members since the publication of Vol. XXXIV. Publications of the Club ; Societies and Institutions in Corres- pondence with the Field Club
THE PROCEEDINGS or THE CLUB from May, 1913, to May, 1914 — MEETING AT THE VALLEY OF THE WIN OB ALLEN
Witchampton : Its Barn, Manor House, and Church . . Crichel House Knowlton
MEETING AT THE NEW FOREST MEETING AT MALMESBURY AND LACOCK The Town
The Second Day, Laoock
MEETING AT STURMINSTER NEWTON . . . r
Ibberton Belchalwell Sturminster Newton FJRST WINTER MEETING SECOND WINTER MEETING ANNUAL MEETING The Hon. Treasurer's Statement of the Club's Receipts and
Expenditure The Hon. Secretary's Account
PAGE
v. vi. xi. xii.
XXV.
xxviii.
xxix.
xxx.
xxx.
xxx^i.
xxxv.
xxxvi.
xxxvii .
xxxix-
xl.
xl.
xli.
xjii.
xlvi.
xlix.
Ivi.
Anniversary Address of the President . . . . . . Iviii,.
Alfred Russel Wallace, a Memoir by E. R. Sykes . . . . Ixxxiv,
On the Relics left by Philip and Joan of Castile in 1506 atWolfeton
House, Dorset, and preserved in the Writer's Family, by
Rev. O. Pickard-Cambridge, M.A., F.R.S., C.M.Z.S., &c. 1
Chained Books in Dorset and Elsewhere, by the Rev. Canon J. M.
J. Fletcher, M.A. and R.D. . . . . . . 8
Sandsfoot and Portland Castles, by Henry Symonds, F.S.A. . . 27
A Dorset Inventory of 1627, by Nelson M. Richardson, B.A. . . 41
The Night-Soaring of the Swifts, by Aubrey Edwards ... 50
Thomas Gerard of Trent, his Family and his Writings, by Rev. E.
H. Bates Harbin, M.A. . . . . . . 55
Dorset " Buttony," by Captain John E. Acland, F.S.A. . . 71
The Ancient Memorial Brasses of Dorset, by W. de C. Prideaux,
L.D.S., Eng., F.R.S.M. . . . . . . 75
Folk-lore and Superstitions still obtaining in Dorset, by E. A.
Rawlence .. .. .. 81
IV.
PAGE
Fifth Interim Report on the Exeavations at Maumbury Rings,
Dorchester, by H. St. George Gray . . . . 88
On New and Rare British Arachnids, noted and observed in 1913,
by Rev. O. Pickard-Cambridge, M.A., F.R.S., &c. . . 119
A Tentative Account of the Fungi of East Dorset, by the Rev. E. F.
Linton, M.A., F.L.S. .. .. .. 143
Phonological Report on First Appearances of Birds, Insects, &c., and First Flowering of Plants in Dorset during 1913, by W. Parkinson Curtis, F.E.S. . . .. .. 181
Returns of Rainfall in Dorset in 1913, by R. Stevenson Henshaw, C.E. 206
Index to Vol. XXXV., by H. Pouncy .. .. .. 220
INDEX TO PLATES AND ENGRAVINGS.
PAGE OR TO FACE PAGE
Alfred Russel Wallace, O.M., L.L.D., D.C.L., F.R.S. Frontispiece
On the Relics left by Philip and Joan of Castile in 1506 at Wolfeton
House, Dorset, and preserved in the Writer's Family —
Plate A . . . . . . . . 1
Plate B . . . . . . . . 4
Plate C . . . . . . . . . . 5
Plate D . . . . . . . . 6
Chained Books in Dorset —
Chain and Book in Wimborne Minster Library . . . . 16
Bishop Jewel's Works : Formerly chained in Wimborne
Minster, 1614 . . . . . . . . 16
Chained Library at Wimborne Minster, 1686 .. .. 21
The Ancient Memorial Brasses of Dorset —
Strong, Loders . . . . . . . . 76
Blackmore, Lydlinch . . . . . . . . 77
Skakespeare, Stratford-on-Avon . . . . . . 78
Maria Oke, Shapwick . . . . . . . . 78
John Oke, Shapwick . . . . . . . . 79
Richard Chernok, Vicar, Shapwick . . . . . . 79
John Gouys, Long Crichel . . . . . . 79
Fifth Interim Report on the Excavations at Maumbury Rings,
Dorchester —
Plate I. . . . . . . . . . . 90
Plate II. . . . . . . . . 100
Plate III. .. .. .. .. .. 102
Relics found at Maumbury Rings, 1913 .. .. 105
Plate IV. . . . . . . . . 109
Plate V. .. .. .. .. .. 116
On New and Rare British Arachnids —
Plate A 119
V.
ZTbe H>orset IRatural Ibiston? anfc Hntiquatian ffielfc Club.
INAUGURATED MAECH 26TH, 1875.
Presidents :
1875-1902— J. C. Hansel- Pleydell, Esq., B.A., F.G.S., F.L.S. 1902-1904— The Lord Eustace Cecil, F.R.G.S. 1904 * Nelson M. Richardson, Esq., B.A.
Vice -Presidents :
1875-1882— The Rev. H. H. Wood, M.A., F.G.S. 1875-1884— Professor James Buckmaii, F.S.A., F.G.S., F.L.S. 1880-1900— The Rev. Canon Sir Talbot. Baker, Bart., M.A. 1880-1900— General Pitt-Rivers, F.R.S.
1880 * The Rev. O. Pickard- Cambridge, M.A., F.R.S. , F.Z.S.
1885 * The Earl of Moray, M.A., F.S.A. Scot., F.G.S.
1892-1904— Nelson M. Richardson, Esq., B.A.
1904" 19°2 I * The Lord Eustace Cecil» F.R.G.S.
1900-1909— W. H. Hudleston, Esq., M.A., F.R.S., F.G.S., F.L.S., Past Pres.
Geol. Society.
1900-1904— Vaughan Cornish, Esq., D.Sc., F.C.S., F.R.G.S. 1900 * Captain G. R. Elwes.
1902 * H. Colley March, Esq., M.D., F.S.A.
1904 * The Rev. Herbert Pentiu, M.A.
1904 * The Rev. W. Miles Barnes, B.A.
1904 * The Rev. Canon J. C. M. Mansel- Pleydell, M.A., R.D.
1904-1908— R. Bosworth Smith, Esq., M.A.
1908-1909— Henry Storks Eaton, Esq., M.A., Past Pres. Roy. Met. Society. 1909 * The Rev. Canon C. H. Mayo, M.A., Dorset Editor of " Somerset
and Dorset Notes and Queries."
1909 * E. R. Sykes, Esq., B.A., F.Z.S., Past Pres. Malacological Society. 1911-1912— The Rev. C. W. H. Dicker, R.D.
1912 * Alfred Pope, Esq., F.S.A.
1913 * Henry Symonds, Esq., F.S.A. 1913 * His Honour J. S. Udal, F.S.A.
Hon. Secretaries :
1875-1884— Professor James Buckman, F.S.A., F.G.S., F.L.S. 1885-1892— The Earl of Moray, M.A., F.S.A. Scot., F.G.S. 1892-1902— Nelson M. Richardson, Esq., B.A. 1902-1904— H. Colley March, Esq., M.D., F.S.A. 1904 * The Rev. Herbert Pentin, M.A.
Son. Treasurers :
1875-1882— The Rev. H. H. Wood, M.A., F.G.S. 1882-1900— The Rev. O. Pickard -Cambridge, M.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S. 1901-1910— Captain G. R. Elwes.
1910 * The Rev. Canon J. C. M. Mansel -Pleydell, M.A., R.D.
Hon. Editors:
1875-1884— Professor James Buckman, F.S.A., F.G.S., F.L.S. 1885-1892— The Earl of Moray, M.A., F.S.A. Scot., F.G.S. 1892-1901— Nelson M. Richardson, Esq., B.A. 1901-1906— The Rev. W. Miles Barnes, B.A. 1906-1909— The Rev. Herbert Pentin, M.A. 1909-1912— The Rev. C. W. H. Dicker, R.D. 1912 * Henry Symonds, Esq., F.S.A.
* The asterisk indicates the present officials of the Club.
VI.
RULES
OF
THE DORSET NATURAL HISTORY AND ANTIQUARIAN FIELD CLUB.
OBJECT AND CONSTITUTION.
1.— The Club shall be called The Dorset Natural History and Antiquarian Field Club, and shall have for a short title The Dorset Field Club.
The object of the Club is to promote and encourage an interest in the study of the Physical Sciences and Archaeology generally, especially the Natural History of the County of Dorset and its Antiquities, Prehistoric records, and Ethnology. It shall use its influence to prevent, as far as possible, the extirpation of rare plants and animals, and to promote the preservation of the Antiquities of the County.
2.— The Club shall consist of (i.) three Officers, President, Honorary Secretary, and Honorary Treasurer, who shall be elected annually, and shall form the Executive body for its management ; (ii.) Vice -Presidents, of whom the Honorary Secretary and Treasurer shall be two, ex officio ; (iii.) The Honorary Editor of the Annual Volume of Proceedings ; (iv.) Ordinary Members ; (v.) Honorary Members. The President, Vice -Presidents, and Editor shall form a Council to decide questions referred to them by the Executive and to elect Honorary Members. The Editor shall be nominated by one of the incoming Executive and elected at the Annual Meeting.
There may also be one or more Honorary Assistant Secretaries, who shall be nominated by the Honorary Secretary, seconded by the President or Treasurer, and elected by the Members at the Annual Meeting.
Members may be appointed by the remaining Officers to fill interim vacancies in the Executive Body until the following Annual Meeting.
The number of the Club shall be limited to 400, power being reserved to the Council to select from the list of candidates persons, whose membership they may consider to be advantageous to the interests of the Club, to be additional Members.
PEESIDENT AND VICE-PRESIDENTS.
3. — The President shall take the chair at all Meetings, and have an original and a casting vote on all questions before the Meeting. In addition to the two ex-officio Vice -Presidents, at least three others shall be nominated by the President, or. ini his absence, by the Chairman, and elected at the Annual Meeting.
Vll.
HON. SECRETARY.
4. — The Secretary shall perform all the usual secretarial work ; cause a programme of each Meeting to be sent to every Member seven days at least before such Meeting ; make all preparations for carrying out Meetings and, with or without the help of a paid Assistant Secretary or others, conduct all Field Meetings. On any question arising between the Secretary (or Acting Secretary) and a Member at a Field Meeting, the decision of the Secretary shall be final.
The Secretary shall receive from each Member his or her share of the day's expenses, and thereout defray all incidental costs and charges of the Meeting, rendering an account of the same before the Annual Meeting to the Treasurer ; any surplus of such collection shall form part of the General Fund, and any deficit be defrayed out of that Fund.
HON. TREASURER.
5. — The Treasurer shall keep an account of Subscriptions and all other moneys of the Club received and of all Disbursements, rendering at the Annual General Meeting a balance sheet of the same, as well as a general statement of the Club's finances. He shall send copies of the Annual Volume of Proceedings for each year to Ordinary Members who have paid their subscriptions for that year (as nearly as may be possible, in the order of such payment), to Honorary Members, and to such Societies and individuals as the Club may, from time to time, appoint to receive them. He shall also furnish a list at each Annual Meeting, containing the names of all Members in arrear, with the amount of their indebtedness to the Club. He shall also give notice of their election to all New Members.
ORDINARY MEMBERS.
6.— Ordinary Members are entitled to be present and take part in the Club's proceedings at all Meetings, and to receive the published "Proceedings" of the Club, when issued, for the year for which their subscription has been paid.
7. — Every candidate for admission shall be nominated in writing by one Member and seconded by another, to both of whom he must be personally known. He may be proposed at any Meeting, and his name shall appear in the programme of the first following Meeting at which a Ballot is held, when he shall be elected by ballot, one black ball in six to exclude. Twelve Members shall form a quorum for the purpose of election. A Ballot shall be held at the Annual and Winter Meetings, and may be held at any other Meeting, should the Executive so decide, notice being given in the programme. In the event of the number of vacancies being less than the number of candidates at four successive Meetings, the names of any candidates proposed at the first of such Meetings who have not been elected at one of them shall be withdrawn, and shall not be eligible to be again proposed for election for at least a year after such withdrawal. Provided that if at any Meeting there shall be no vacancies available, it shall not be counted in estimating the above named four Meetings.
Vlll.
8.- The Annual Subscription shall be 10s., which shall become due and payable in advance on the 1st of January in each year. Subscriptions paid on election after September in each year shall be considered as subscriptions for the following year, unless otherwise agreed upon by such Member and the Treasurer. Every Member shall pay immediately after his election the sum of ten shillings as Entrance Fee, in addition to his first Annual Subscription.
9.— No person elected a Member shall be entitled to exercise any privilege as such until he has paid his Entrance Fee and first Subscription, and no Member shall be entitled to receive a copy of the "Proceedings" for any year until his Subscription for that year has been paid.
10.— A registered letter shall be sent by the Hon. Treasurer to any Member whose Subscription is in arrear at the date of any Annual Meeting, demanding payment within 28 days, failing which he shall cease to be a Member of the Club, but shall, nevertheless, be liable for the arrears then due.
11. — Members desiring to leave the Club shall give notice of the same in writing to the Treasurer (or Secretary), but, unless such notice is given before the end of January in any year, they shall be liable to pay the Annual Subscription due to the Club on and after January 1st in that year.
HONORARY MEMBERS.
12. — Honorary Members shall consist of persons eminent for scientific or natural history attainments, and shall be elected by the Council. They pay no subscription, and have all the privileges of Ordinary Members, except voting.
MEETINGS.
13. — The Annual General Meeting shall be held as near the first week in May as may be convenient ; to receive the outgoing President's Address (if any) and the Treasurer's financial report ; to elect the Officers and Editor for the ensuing year ; to determine the number (which shall usually be three or four), dates, and places of Field Meetings during the ensuing summer, and for general purposes.
14. — Two Winter Meetings shall usually be held in or about the months of December and February for the exhibition of Objects of Interest (to which not more than one hour of the time before the reading of the Papers shall be devoted), for the reading and discussion of Papers, and for general purposes.
The Dates and Places of the Winter and Annual Meetings shall be decided by the Executive.
15.— A Member may bring Friends to the Meetings subject to the following restrictions : — No person (except the husband, wife, or child of a Member), may attend the Meeting unaccompanied by the Member introducing him, unless such Member be prevented from attending by illness, and no Member may take with him to a Field Meeting more than one Friend, whose name and address must be submitted to the Hon. Secretary and approved by him or the Executive.
The above restrictions do not apply to the Executive or to the Acting Secretary at the Meeting.
16. — Members must give due notice (with prepayment of expenses) to the Hon. Secretary of their intention to be present, with or without a Friend, at any Field Meeting, in return for which the Secretary shall send to the Member a card of admission to the Meeting, to be produced when required. Any Member who, having given such notice, fails to attend, will be liable only for any expenses actually incurred on his account, and any balance will be returned to him on application. The sum of Is., or such other amount as the Hon. Secretary may consider necessary, shall be charged to each person attending a Field Meeting, for Incidental Expenses.
17. — The Executive may at any time call a Special General Meeting of the Members upon their own initiative or upon a written requisition (signed by Eight Members) being sent to the Honorary Secretary. Any proposition to be submitted shall be stated in the Notice, which shall be sent to each Member of the Club not later than seven days before the Meeting.
PAPERS.
18. — Notice shall be given to the Secretary, a convenient time before each Meeting, of any motion to be made or any Paper or communication desired to be read, with its title and a short sketch of its scope or contents. The insertion of these in the Programme is subject to the consent of the Executive.
19.— The Publications of the Club shall be in the hands of the Executive, who shall appoint annually Three or more Ordinary Members to form with them and the Editor a Publication Committee for the purpose of deciding upon the contents of the Annual Volume. These contents shall consist of original papers and communications written for the Club, and either read, or accepted as read, at a General Meeting ; also of the Secretary's Reports of Meetings, the Treasurer's Financial Statement and Balance Sheet, a list to date of all Members of the Club, and of those elected in the current or previous year, with the names of their proposers and seconders. The Annual Volume shall be edited by the Editor subject to the direction of the Publication Committee.
20. — Twenty -five copies of his paper shall be presented to each author whose communication shall appear in the volume as a separate article, on notice being given by him to the Publisher to that effect.
THE AFFILIATION OF SOCIETIES AND LIBRARIES TO THE CLUB.
21. — Any Natural History or Antiquarian Society in the County may be affiliated to the Dorset Field Club on payment of an annual fee of Ten Shillings, in return for which the annual volume of the Proceedings of the Field Club shall be sent to such Society.
Every affiliated Society shall send the programme of its Meetings to the Hon. Secretary of the Field Club, and shall also report any discoveries of exceptional interest. And the Field Club shall send its programme to the Hon. Secretary of each affiliated Society.
X.
The Members of the Field Club shall not be eligible, ipso facto, to attend any Meetings of affiliated Societies, and the Members of any affiliated Society shall not be eligible, ipso facto, to attend any Meetings of the Field Club. But any Member of an affiliated Society shall be eligible to read a paper or make an exhibit at the Winter Meetings of the Field Club at Dorchester.
Any Public Library, or Club or School or College Library, in England or elsewhere, may be affiliated to the Dorset Field Club on payment of an annual fee of Ten Shillings, in return for which the annual volume of the Proceedings of the Field Club shall be sent to such Library.
SECTIONAL COMMITTEES.
22. — Small Committees may be appointed at the Annual General Meeting to report to the Club any interesting facts or discoveries relating to the various sections which they represent ; and the Committee of each section may elect one of their Members as a Corresponding Secretary.
NEW RULES.
23. — No alteration in or addition to these Eules shall be made except with the consent of a majority of three-fourths of the Members present at the Annual General Meeting, full notice of the proposed alteration or addition having been given both in the current Programme and in that of the previous Meeting.
XI.
ZTbe H)ot3Ct Iftatural Ibistorp anfc Hntiquartan ffielfc Club.
INAUGURATED MARCH 26th, 1875.
President : NELSON M. RICHARDSON, ESQ., B.A.
Vice- Presidents :
THE LORD EUSTACE CECIL, F.R.G.S. (Past President}.
THE REV. HERBERT PENTIN, M.A. (Hon. Secretary}.
THE REV. CANON HANSEL -PLEYDELL, M.A., R.D. (Hon. Treasurer}.
HENRY SYMONDS, >SQ., F.S.A. (Hon. Editor}.
CAPTAIN G. R. ELWES, J.P.
H. COLLEY MARCH, ESQ., M.D., F.S.A.
THE REV. CANON MAYO, M.A. (Dorset Editor of "Somerset and Dorset Notes
and Queries ").
THE REV. W. MILES BARNES, B.A.
THE EAEL or MORAY, M.A., F.S.A. Scot., F.G.S.
THE REV. O. PICKARD- CAMBRIDGE, M.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S.
ALFRED POPE, ESQ., F.S.A.
E. R. SYKES, Esq., B.A., F.Z.S. (Past Pres. Malacological Society}. His HONOUR J. S. UDAL, F.S.A.
Executive Body :
NELSON M. RICHARDSON, Esq., B.A. (President}.
The Rev. HERBERT PENTIN, M.A. (Hon. Secretary}, St. Peter's Vicarage, Portland.
The Rev. Canon. M ANSEL -PLEYDELL, M.A. (Hon. Treasurer}, Sturminster
Newton Vicarage, Dorset.
Hon. Editor : HENRY SYMONDS, Esq., F.S.A., 30, Bolton Gardens, London, S.W.
Publication Committee:
The EXECUTIVE, The HON. EDITOR, H. B. MIDDLETON, Esq., Dr. COLLEY MARCH, and E. R. SYKES, Esq.
Sectional Committees :
Dorset Photographic Survey — The MEMBERS of the EXECUTIVE BODY ex officio, Captain JOHN ACLAND, M. A., F.S.A., the Rev. W. MILES BARNES, B.A., C. J. CORNISH BROWNE, Esq., Mrs. W. D. DICKSON, the Rev. S.
E. V. FILLEUL, M.A., the Rev. C. H. FYNES-CLINTON, M.A., Dr. E. K. LE FLEMING, C. H. MATE, Esq., A. D. MOULLIN, Esq., Miss HILDA POPE, the Rev. J. RIDLEY.
Earthworks — Dr. H. COLLEY MARCH, F.S.A. (Chairman), CHAS. S. PRIDEAUX Esq. (Corresponding Secretary), The PRESIDENT, J. G. N. CLIFT, Esq., the Rev. W. O. COCKRAFT, Jb.A., H. LE JEUNE, Esq., Lieut. -Colonel
F. G. L. MAINWARING, VERB OLIVER, Esq., ALFRED POPE, Esq., F.S.A., W. DE C. PRIDEAUX, Esq., F.S.A., T. H. R. WINWOOD, Esq., M.A. 4
Numismatic — H. SYMONDS, Esq., F.S.A. (Corresponding Secretary), Captain JOHN E. ACLAND, M.A., F.S.A., Lieut. -Colonel F. G. L. MAINWARING, Canon J. C. M. MANSEL-PLEYDELL, M.A., R.D., W. DE C. PRIDEAUX, Esq., F.S.A., H. F. RAYMOND, Esq.
Restored Churches — The Rev. A. C. ALMACK, M.A., H. W. CRICKMAY, Esq., the Rev. JAMES CROSS, M.A., the Rev. Canon FLETCHER, M.A., R.D., R. HINE, Esq., the Rev. Canon MAYO, M.A., W. B. WILDMAN, Esq., M.A.
Honorary Members:
O.M. W. CAERUTHERS, Esq., Ph.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., F.L.S., British Museum (Nat. Hist.), South Kensington.
1888 The Rev. OSMOND FISHEE, M.A., F.G.S., Graveley, Huntingdon.
1889 A. M. WALLIS, Esq., 29, Mallams, Portland.
1900 A. J. JUKES -BROWNE, Esq., B.A., F.R.S., F.G.S., Westleigh, Ash- Hill Road, Torquay.
1900 R. LYDEKKEE, Esq., B.A., F.R.S., F.G.S., F.Z.S., The Lodge, Harpenden, Herts.
1900 CLEMENT REID, Esq., F.R.S,, F.L.S., F.G.S., One Acre, Milford-on- Sea, Hants.
1900 A. SMITH WOODWARD, Esq., LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., British Museum (Nat. Hist.), South Kensington, London.
1904 Sir WM. THISELTON DYER, K.C.M.G., C.I.E., LL.D., Sc.D., Ph.D., F.R.S. , The Ferns, Witcombe, Gloucester.
1904 Sir FREDERICK TREVES, Bart., G.C.V.O., C.B., LL.D., Thatched House Lodge, Richmond Park, Kingston-on-Thames.
1908 THOMAS HARDY, Esq., O.M., D. Litt., LL.D., Max Gate, Dorchester.
Xll.
Eist of
jTiatural Sjistarp ant) jfidti Club.
Fear of
Election. ( The initials " O.M." signify " Original Member")
1903 The Most Hon. the Marquis of
Salisbury, M.A., C.B. 1911 The Right Hon. Gertrude,
Countess of Moray O.M. The Eight Hon. the Earl of
Moray, M.A., F.S.A. Scot.,
F.G.S. (Vice -President}
The Manor House, Cranborne
Westfield, Wimborne
1911 The Eight Hon. the Earl of
Ilchester
1902 The Eight Hon. the Earl of
Shaftesbury, K.C.V.O. 1884 The Eight Hon. Lord Eustace Cecil, F.E.G.S. ( Vice -President)
1903 The Eight Hon. Lady Eustace
Cecil
1904 The Eight Eev. the Lord Bishop
of Durham, D.D.
1892 The Eight Eev. the Lord Bishop
of Worcester, D.D., F.S.A.
1912 The Eight Eev. the Lord Bishop
of Salisbury, D.D. 1889 The Eight Hon. Lord Digby 1903 The Eight Hon. Lord Chelmsford 1907 The Eight Hon. Lord Wynford 1907 The Eight Hon. Lady Wynford 1910 Abbott, F. E., Esq. 1914 Acheson-Gray, Mrs.
1893 Acland, Captain John E., M.A.,
F.S.A.
1892 Acton, Eev. Edward, B.A. 1899 Aldridge, Mrs. Selina
1912 Alexander, Miss Constance 1907 Allner, Mrs. George
Kinfauns Castle, Perth, N.B.
Melbury, Dorchester
St. Giles, Wimborne
Lytchett Heath, Poole
Lytchett Heath, Poole
Auckland Castle, Bishop's Auckland
Hartlebury Castle, Kidderminster
The Palace, Salisbury
Minterne, Dorchester
18, Queen's Gate Place, London, S.W.
Warmwell House, Dorchester
Warmwell House, Dorchester
Shortwood, Christchurch, Hants
East Hill, Charminster
Wollaston House, Dorchester Iwerne Minster Vicarage, Blandford Denewood, Alum Chine Eoad, Bourne- mouth
The Grange, Chetnole, Sherborne National Provincial Bank, Sturminster Newton
Xlll.
1908 Almack, Rev. A. C., M.A.
1906 Atkins, F. T., Esq., M.R.C.S.,
L.E.C.P. Edin.
1907 Atkinson, George T., Esq., M.A. 1902 Baker, Sir Eandolf L., Bart. , M.P. 1912 Baker, Rev. E. W., B.A.
1887 Bankes, Rev. Canon, M.A. 1906 Bankes, Mrs.
1912 Bankes, Jerome N., Esq., F.S.A.
1902 Barkworth, Edmund, Esq. 1904 Barlow, Major C. M.
1894 Barnes, Mrs. John lies
1889 Barnes, Rev. W. M., B.A. (Vice- President}
1903 Barnes, Mrs. F. J.
1884 Barrett, W. Bowles, Esq.
1906 Barrow, Richard, Esq.
1895 Bartelot, Rev. R. Grosvenor, M.A.
1893 Baskett, S. R., Esq.
1904 Baskett, Mrs. S. R.
1913 Bassett, Rev. H. H. Tilney, R.D.
1909 Batten, Colonel J. Mount, C.B.
Lord-Lieutenant of Dorset
1910 Baxter, Lieut. -Colonel W. H. 1910 Baxter, Mrs. W. H.
1888 Beckford, F. J., Esq.
1908 Benett-Stanford, Major J.,
F.R.G.S., F.Z.S. 1910 Blackett, Rev. J. C., B.A. 1912 Blackett, C. H., Esq.
1912 Blackett, W. E., Esq.
1910 Blomefield, Commander T. C. A.,
R.N.
1903 Bond, Gerald Denis, Esq.
1906 Bond, Nigel de M., Esq., M.A.
1903 Bond, Wm. Ralph G., Esq.
1910 Bond, F. Bligh, Esq., F.R.I.B.A.
1913 Bone, Clement G., Esq., M.A.
1894 Bonsor, Geo., Esq.
The Rectory, Blandford St. Mary
Cathay, Alumhurst Road, Bournemouth
Durlston Court, Swanage
Ranston, Blandford
The Rectory, Witchampton
The Close, Salisbury
Kingston Lacy, Wimbonie
63, Redcliffe Gardens, London, S.W.
South House, Pydeltrenthide
Southcot, Charminster
Blandford
Weymouth Avenue, Dorchester Glenthorn, Weymouth 2, Belfield Terrace, Weymouth Sorrento House, Sandecotes, Parkstone Fordington St. George Vicarage,
Dorchester Evershot Evershot Whitchurch Vicarage, Blandford
Up-Cerne House, Dorchester, and Mornington Lodge, West Kensington The Wilderness, Sherborue The Wilderness, Sherborne Witley, Parkstone
Hatch House, Tisbury, Wilts Keys, Stour Road, Christchurch Rasapeima, McKinley Road, Bourne- mouth
Blanchland, McKinley Road, Bourne- mouth
9, Bincleaves Road, Weymouth Holme, Wareham 8, Evelyn Gardens, London, S.W. Tyneham, Wareham The Guild House, Glastonbury 6, Lennox Street, Weymouth El Castillo, Mairena del Alcor, Se villa, Spain
XIV.
1889 Bower, H. Syndercombe, Esq.
1900 Bower, Eev. Charles H. S., M.A.
1898 Brandreth, Kev. F. W., M.A.
1901 Brennand, John, Esq. 1900 Brown, Miss
1895 Brymer, Eev. J. G., M.A.
1907 Bulfin, Ignatius, Esq., B.A.
1900 Bullen, Colonel John Bullen
Symes
1914 Burton, Miss
1907 Bury, Mrs. Henry
1905 Busk, W. G., Esq.
1905 Busk, Mrs. W. G.
1901 Bussell, Miss Katherine 1903 Butler-Bowden, Mrs. Bruno
1911 Butlin, M. C., Esq., M.A.
1891 Carter, William, Esq.
1905 Chadwyck-Healey, Sir C. E. H., M.A., K.C.r K.C.B., F.S.A.
1903 Champ, A., Esq. 1913 Champ, Miss Edith 1913 Champ, Miss Eva M. 1897 Chudleigh, Mrs.
1894 Church, Colonel Arthur
1904 Clapcott, Miss
1892 Clarence, Lovell Burchett, Esq.
1905 Clark, Mrs. E. S.
1895 Clarke, E. Stanley, Esq.
1912 Clift, J. G. Neilson, Esq.
1883 Colfox, Miss A. L.
1878 Colfox, Colonel T. A.
1905 Collins, Sir Stephen, M.P.
1904 Collins, Wm. W., Esq., E.I.
1905 Colville, H. K., Esq.
1904 Coney, Major Wm. Bicknell
1912 Cooke, Eev. J. H., M.A., LL.D.
1902 Cornish, Eev. W. F., M.A.
1903 Cornish -Browne, C. J., Esq.
Fontmell Parva, Shillmgstone, Bland- ford
Childe Okeford Eectory, Shillingstone, Dorset
Buckland Newton, Dorchester
Belmont, Parkstone
Belle Vue, Shaftesbury
Ilsington House, Puddletown
The Den, Knole Hill, Bournemouth
Catherston Leweston, near Channouth Blake Hill House, Parkstone May field House, Farnham, Surrey Wraxall Manor, Cattistock, Dorchester Wraxall Manor, Cattistock, Dorchester Thorneloe School, Eodwell, Weymouth Upwey House, Upwey
7, Westerhall Eoad, Weymouth The Hermitage, Parkstone
Wyphurst, Cranleigh, Surrey
St. Katherine's, Bridport
St. Katherine's, Bridport
Coniston, Bridport
Downshay Manor, LaugtonMatravers, Dorset
St. Alban's, Eodwell, Weymouth
The Cottage, Bradford Peverell, Dor- chester
Coaxden, Axminster
St. Aldhelm's, Wareham
Trobridge House, Crediton, Devon
8, Prince's Street, Westminster, S.W.
Westmead, Bndport Coneygar, Bridport Elm House, Tring, Hertfordshire Stoborough Croft, Wareham Loders Court, Bridport Hillside, Kingston, near Taunton
Shillingstone Eectory Steepleton Eectory, Dorchester Cory ton Park, Axminster
XV.
1891 Cother, Eev. P. L., M.A.
1886 Crespi, A. J. H., Esq., B.A.,
M.R.C.P. 1909 Cnckmay, Harry W., Esq.
1884 Cross, Eev. James, M.A. 1914 Cross, Miss Florence
1885 Curme, Deciraus, Esq., M.R.C.S.
1896 Curtis, C. H., Esq.
1897 Curtis, Wilfrid Parkinson, Esq.,
E.E.S.
1903 Dacombe, J. M. J., Esq. 1912 Dammers, B. F. H., Esq. 1907 Daniell, G. H. S., Esq., M.B. 1907 Daniell, Miss Margaret
O.M. Darell, D., Esq., F.G.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S.
1904 Davies, Rev. Canon S. E., M.A. 1894 Davis, Geo., Esq.
1909 Day, Cyril D., Esq., B.A. 1904 Deane, Mrs. A. M.
1910 Devenish, Major J. H. C. 1914 Dibben, H. F., Esq., M.A.
1907 Dicker, Miss Eleanor H. 1912 Dickson, Colonel W. D. 1912 Dickson, Mrs. W. D.
1903 Digby, Major H. Montague
1911 Dillon-Trenchard, Miss Margaret
1906 Dodd, Frank Wm., Esq.,
M.Inst.C.E.
1908 Dodington, H. P. Marriott, Esq. 1908 Dominy, G. H., Esq., M.R.C.S.,
L.R.C.P.
1912 Dru Drury, G., Esq., M.R.C.S.,
L.R.C.P.
1904 Dugdale, J. B., Esq.
1905 Duke, Mrs. Henry
1907 Duke, Miss M. Constance
1908 Duke, Mrs. E. Barnaby
1, Clearmount, Weymouth
Cooma, Poole Road, Wimborne Maybury, 12, Greenhill Terrace,
Weymouth Baillie House, Sturminster Marshall,
Wimborne Stock Gaylard Rectory, Sturminster
Newton
Eversley, Durley Road, Bournemouth Blandford
Aysgarth, Longfleet, Poole
27, Holdenhurst Road, Bournemouth
Harbour House, Bridport
Dale House, Blandford
Dale House, Blandford
Hillfield House, Stoke Fleming, Dart- mouth, Devon
Wyke Regis Rectory, Weymouth West Lodge, Icen Way, Dorchester Gleuhurst, Dorchester Clay Hill House, near Gilliiigham Springfield, Weymouth Eype, Bridport
Brook House, Upwey, Dorchester Southill, Dean Park, Bournemouth Southill, Dean Park, Bournemouth 11, Park Lane, Piccadilly, W. The Ridge, Durlston Park Road, Swanage
17, Adam Street, Brooklyn, U.S.A. Castle Gardens, Wareham
Milton Abbas, Blandford
Corfe Castle, Wareham Sandford, Wareham Manor House, Godmanstone, Dor- chester
The Limes, Dorchester Maen, Dorchester
XVI.
1896 Dundas, Ven. Archdeacon, M.A.
1911 Dymond, Miss Evelyn
1914 Eardley, Mrs. H. Edwyn
191C Eaton, Eev. A. E., M.A., F.E.S.
1913 Edwards, Aubrey, Esq.
1913 Ellis, Henry, Esq., F.E.A.S.
1885 Elwes, Captain G. R. (Vice-
President)
1913 Facey, C. S., Esq., M.B.
1886 Falkner, C. G., Esq., M.A.
1884 Farley, Rev. H., M.A. 1913 Farrar-Roberts,W., Esq.
1903 Fairer, Colonel Philip
1912 Ferguson, Miss E. M. 1912 Ferguson, Miss Constance
1904 Ffooks, Mrs. E. Archdall 1904 Fielding, Thos., Esq., M.D.
1892 Filleul, Rev. S. E. V., M.A.
1889 Filliter, George Clavell, Esq.
1896 Filliter, Rev. W. D., M.A.
1910 Filliter, Mrs. W. D. 1901 Fisher, Mrs. J. F.
1911 Fisher, Rev. J. Martyn, M.A.
1890 Fletcher, W. H. B., Esq.
1906 Fletcher, Mrs. W. J.
1907 Fletcher, Rev. Canon J. M. J.,
M.A., R.D.
1885 Floyer, G. W., Esq., B.A. 1895 Forbes, Mrs.
1897 Forde, Henry, Esq. 1910 Forder, B. C., Esq.
1893 Forrester, Hugh Carl, Esq., B.A. 1893 Forrester, Mrs. James
1910 Fox-Strangways, H. W., Esq.
1911 Fox, H. E. Croker, Esq., M.B.
M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P.
1910 Fi-eame, Major B. E.
1895 Fry, Edward Alexander, Esq.
Milton Abbey Vicarage, Blandf ord. Two Leas, Langton Matravers,
Wareham
The Rectory, Swaiiage Richmond Villa, Northam, North
Devon The Beeches, Pen Hill Avenue, Park-
stone Boat Close, Lyme Regis
Bossington, Bournemouth
The Elms, Chickerell, near Wey-
mouth
Ireton Bank, Rusholme, Manchester Overbury Road, Parkstone Plas Lodwig, St. John's Road,
Bournemouth West Binnegar Hall, Wareham Elwell Lea, Upwey, Dorchester Elwell Lea, Upwey, Dorchester Kingscote, Dorchester Milton Abbas, Blandford All Saints' Rectory, Dorchester St. Martin's House, Wareham East Lulworth Vicarage, Wareham East Lulworth Vicarage, Wareham Vines Close, Wimborne St. Paul's Vicarage, Weymouth Aldwick Manor, Bognor, Sussex Wyrley, Colehill, Wimborne
The Vicarage, Wimborne Minster West Stafford, Dorchester Culverhayes, Shillingstone, Blandford Luscombe, Parkstone Wilderton, Branksome Park, Bourne- mouth
St. John's Cottage, Shaftesbury Westport, Wareham 2, St. Aubyn's Park, Tiverton, Devon
Chalbury Lodge, Weymouth The Chantry, Gillingham 227, Strand, London, W.C.
XV11.
1903 Fry, George S., Esq.
1913 Gadesden, Mrs. Edmund
1896 George, Mrs.
1908 Gildea, Miss W. P. C.
1890 Glyn, Captain Carr Stuart
1912 GTyn, Mrs. Carr
O.M. Glyn, Sir E. G., Bart.
1895 Godman, F. du Cane, Esq.,
F.E.S.
1906 Gowrmg, Mrs. B. W. 1908 Greenwood, Arthur, Esq., L.M.S.,
L.S.A. 1888 Greves, Hyla, Esq., M.D.
1904 Groves, Herbert J., Esq. 1906 Groves, Miss
1912 Groves, Miss 1912 Groves, Miss M. 1906 Grundry, Joseph, Esq.
1896 Haggard, Eev. H. A., M.A.
1912 Haines, F. H., Esq., M.E.C.S.,
L.E.C.P. 1903 Hambro, Sir Everard, K.C.V.O.
1905 Hambro, C. Eric, Esq.
1913 Hamilton, Miss
1893 Hankey , Eev. Canon, M. A. , E.D .
1910 Harbin, Eev. E. H. Bates, M.A. 1890 Harrison, Eev. F. T., M.A.
1898 Hassell, Miss
1894 Hawkins, W., Esq., M.E.C.S. 1903 Hawkins, Miss Isabel
1908 Hawkins, Eev. H.
1893 Hayne, E., Esq.
1889 Head, J. Merrick, Esq., M.E.I.A.,
F.E.G.S., F.P.S. 1905 Heath, F. E., Esq.
1911 Hellins, Eev. E. W. J., M.A.,
LL.B. 1911 Hellins, Mrs. E. W. J.
1899 Henning, Mrs.
1913 Henshaw, E. Stevenson, Esq., C.E. (Hon. Editor of the Dorset Rainfall Reports}
Chesham, The Grove, Nether Street,
Fiiichley, London, N. Holwell Manor, Sherborne Fleet House, near Weymouth Upwey Eectory, Dorchester Wood Leaze, Wimborne Wood Leaze, Wimborne Gaunts House, Wimborne
Lower Beediiig, Horsham
49, High West Street, Dorchester
32, Dorchester Eoad, Weymouth Eodney House, Bournemouth Clifton, Weymouth Thickthorne, Broadwey, Dorset Blackdown, Weymouth Blackdown, Weymouth Eed House, Queen's Avenue, Dor- chester Molash Vicarage, Canterbury
Winfrith, Dorchester Milton Abbey, Dorset Pickhurst Mead, Hayes, Kent Affpuddle Vicarage, Dorchester Lambert House, Dorchester Newton Surmaville, Yeovil Burton Bradstock Eectory, Bridport Westfield Lodge, Parkstone Hillfield, Broadwey, Dorchester Eyme. Elwell Street, Upwey 1, Westerhall, Weymouth Fordington House, Dorchester
Pennsylvania Castle, Portland The Woodlands, Weymouth
Marnhull Eectory, Dorset Marnhull Eectory, Dorset Frome, Dorchester
New Eoad, Portland
xvm.
1912 Hichens, Mrs. T. S.
1901 Hill, K. E., Esq. 1910 Hill, Miss Pearson
1902 Hine, E., Esq.
1902 Homer, Miss E. C. Wood 1907 Homer, Mrs. G. Wood 1888 Huntley, H. E., Esq.
1903 Jenkins, Eev. T. Leonard, M.A. 1912 Jordan, Miss
1893 Kerr, E. W., Esq., M.D.
1895 Lafontame, A. C. de, Esq., F.S.A. 1902 Langdon, Miss Mary C.
1876 Langford, Eev. Canon, M.A.
1907 Lees, Captain Edgar, E.N.
1907 Lees, Mrs. Edgar
1910 Le Fleming, E. K., Esq., B.A.,
M.B. 1900 Legge, Miss Jane
1899 Le Jeune, H., Esq.
1900 Leslie, Eev. E. C., M.A. 1902 Lewis, Eev. A., M.A.
189-4 Liiiklater, Eev. Prebendary, D.D.
1890 Lister, Miss Gulielma, F.L.S.
1905 Llewellin, W., Esq., M.A.
1900 Lock, Mrs. A. H.
1892 Lock, His Honour Judge
B. Fossett
1893 Lock, Miss Mary C.
1911 Long, Eev. H. E., B.A.
1910 MacCormick, Eev. F., F.S.A. Scot., M.E.A.S.
1888 MacDonald, P. W., Esq., M.D.
1902 Mainwaring, Lieut. -Col. F. G. L.
1890 Manger, A. T., Esq.
1907 Mansel, Miss Susan
1899 Mansel-Pleydell, Eev. Canon J. C. M., M.A., E.D. (Vice- President and Hon. Treasurer')
1896 March, H. Colley, Esq., M.D.,
F.S.A., M.E.S.A.I., F.A.I. (Vice -President} 1883 Marriott, Sir W. Smith, Bart.
Flamberts, Trent, Sherborne
Long Lynch, Childe Okeford
Eax, Bridport
Beaminster
Bardolf Manor, Puddletown
Bardolf Manor, Puddletown
Charltoii House, Blandford
Leigh Vicarage, Sherborne
The Eidge, Durlston Park Eoad,
Swanage
South Walks House, Dorchester Athelhampton, Dorchester Parrock's Lodge, Chard Southbrook, Starcross, S. Devon White Cross, Wyke Eegis White Cross, Wyke Eegis
St. Margaret's, Wimborne
Allington Villa, Bridport
St. Ives, Upper Parkstone, Dorset
Came Eectory, Dorchester
Chardstock Vicarage, Chard
Holworth House, Winfrith
High Cliff, Lyme Eegis
Upton House, Poole
53, High West Street, Dorchester
The Toft, Bridlington, East Yorks 7, Blackheath Eoad, Oxford Tolpuddle, Dorchester
Wrockwardine Wood Eectory, Wel- lington, Salop Herrison, Dorchester Wabey House, Upwey Stock Hill, Gillingham Top-o'-Town, Dorchester
Sturminster Newton Vicarage, Dorset
Portesham, Dorchester
The Down House, Blandford
1904 Marsh, J. L., Esq. 1911 Mason, W. J., Esq.
1911 Mason, Mrs. E. E. 1907 Mate, C. H., Esq.
1879 Maunsell, Rev. F. W., M.A. O.M. Mayo, Eev. Canon, M.A., E.D. ( Vice- President)
1912 McDowall, A. S., Esq., M.A.
1907 Michell, Theo., Esq.
O.M. Middleton, H. B., Esq., M.A. 1909 Middleton, Miss A. 1890 Milne, Rev. Percy H., M.A. O.M. Moorhead, J., Esq., M.A., M.D.
1905 Morgan, Mrs.
1911 Morris, Sir Daniel, K.C.M.G.,
D.Sc., D.C.L., F.L.S. 1914 Moule, Rev. A. C., B.A. 1897 Moullin, Arthur D., Esq.
1908 Nettleton, Spencer, Esq.
1909 Newnham, H. S., Esq.
1905 Nicholson, Captain Hugh
1906 Oke, A. W., Esq., B.A., LL.M.,
F.S.A., F.G.S. 1886 Okeden, Colonel U. E. Parry
1906 Okeden, Edmund Parry, Esq. 1908 Oliver, Vere L., Esq.
1908 Oliver, Mrs. Vere L.
1904 Oliver, Weston, Esq., M.A. 1908 Ord, W. T., Esq., M.R.C.S.,
L.R.C.P., F.G.S.
1911 Ouless, W. W. , Esq., R. A.
1911 Ouless, Miss Catherine
1905 Paget, Miss Adelaide 1914 Pass, Alfred Douglas, Esq. 1890 Patey, Miss
1908 Patterson, Mrs. Myles
1907 Paul, Edward Clifford, Esq.,
M.A. 1907 Paul, Mrs. Edward Clifford
White Cliff Mill Street, Blandford St. Denis, Cann, Shaftesbury St. Denis, Cann, Shaftesbury Elim, Surrey Road South, Bourne- mouth Symondsbury Rectory, Bndport
Gillingham, Dorset
Norden, Corfe Castle
Trewirgie, 37, Christchurch Road,
Bournemouth
Bradford Peverell, Dorchester Bradford Peverell, Dorchester Hornblotton Rectory, Castle Gary
The Imperial Hotel, Bournemouth The Vicarage, Yetmiiister
14, Crabton Close, Boscombe Little Bredy, Dorchester Fermain, Cranbourne Road, Swanage West Lul worth, Wareham Rodlands, Dorchester Nettlecombe, Melplash
32, Denmark Villas, Hove, Sussex Tumworth, Blandford Turnworth, Blandford Whitmore Lodge, Sunninghill, Berks Whitmore Lodge, Sunninghill, Berks Castle House, Weymouth
Greenstead, 14, Madeira Road, Bourne- mouth
12, Bryanston Square, London, W. 12, Bryanston Square, London, W. Park Homer, Wimborne Wootton Fitzpaine, Charmouth 185, Oakwood Court, Kensington,
London, W. Cony gar, Broadmayne, Dorchester
Eastbrook House, Upwey Eastbrook House, Upwey
XX.
1894 Payne, Miss Florence O.
1906 Pearce, Mrs. Thos. A. 1909 Pearce, Edwin, Esq. 1901 Peck, Gerald K., Esq. 1878 Penny, Kev. J., M.A.
1894 Penny-Snook, S., Esq., M.B.C.S., L.E.C.P.
1907 Penny-Snook, Mrs. S.
1901 Pentin, Eev. Herbert, M.A. ( Vice- President and Hon. Secretary) 1894 Peto, Sir Henry, Bart. 1896 Phillips, Miss
1908 Phillips, Eev. C. A., M.A.
1898 Pickard-Cambridge, A. W., Esq., M.A.
O.M. Pickard - Cambridge, Eev. O., M.A., F.E.S. (Vice -President}
1908 Pickard-Cambridge, Miss Ada
1908 Pickard-Cambridge, Miss Catherine
1903 Pike, Leonard G., Esq.
1913 Pinney, Eev. Baldwin, B.A.
1913 Pinney, Mrs. Baldwin
1903 Pitt-Eivers, A. L. Fox, Esq.,
F.S.A. 1913 Pitt, Mrs. Lionel Fox
1904 Plowman, Eev. L. S. 1896 Pond, S., Esq.
1894 Ponting, Chas. E., Esq., F.S.A.
1908 Poole, Rev. Sealy, M.A.
O.M:. Pope, Alfred, Esq., F.S.A. (Vice- President)
1906 Pope, Alfred Eolph, Esq., M.A. 1906 Pope, Mrs. Alfred Eolph
1905 Pope, Miss Hilda
1909 Pope, Francis J., Esq.,
F.E. Hist. S. 1909 Pratt, Colonel, E.A. 1896 Prideaux, C. S., Esq., L.D.S. 1900 Prideaux, W. de C., Esq., L.D.S.,
F.S.A., F.E.S.M.
1905 Pringle, Henry T., Esq., M.D. 1905 Pringle, Mrs. Henry T.
Eydal, Wimborne Ivythorpe, Dorchester Fore Street, Taunton Muston Manor, Puddletown Tarrant Eushton Eectory, Blandford
Netherton House, Weymouth Netherton House, Weymouth
St. Peter's Vicarage. Portland Chedington Court, Misterton, Somerset Walton House, Bournemouth Walton House, Bournemouth
St. Catherine's, Headington Hill, Ox- ford
Bloxworth Eectory, Wareham Picardy, Eodwell, Weymouth
Picardy, Eodwell, Weymouth Kingbarrow, Wareham Durweston Eectory, Blandford Durweston Rectory, Blandford
Eushmore, Salisbury
Cliff House, Shaftesbury
Ibberton Eectory, Blandford
Blandford
Wye House, Marlborough
Chickerell Eectory, Weymouth
South Court, Dorchester Culliford House, Dorchester Culliford House, Dorchester South Court, Dorchester
17, Holland Eoad, London, W. The Ferns, Charminster Ermingtoii, Dorchester
12, Frederick Place, Weymouth Ferndown, Wimborne Ferndown, Wimborne
XXI.
1888 Pye, William, Esq. 1905 Bamsden, Mrs.
1912 Bawlence, E. A., Esq.
1886 Keyuolds, Mrs. Arthur
1904 Bhydderch, Bev. W.
1887 Bichardson, N. M., Esq., B.A.
(President}
1901 Bidley, Bev. J.
1911 Bobson, Colonel H. D.
1911 Bobson, Mrs. H. D.
1886 Bodd, Edward Stanhope, Esq.
1907 Boe, Miss M. M. E.
1909 Boe, Bev. Wilfrid T., M.A.
1912 Bomilly, Geo., Esq., M.A. 1907 Boper, Freeman, Esq., F.L.S.
1889 Russell, Colonel C. J., B.E.
1910 Bussell- Wright, Bev. T., M.A.
1905 Sanderson. Wells, T. H., Esq.,
M.D.
1913 Sauer, Hans, Esq., M.D.
1913 Sauer, Mrs. Hans 1905 Saunt, Miss
1905 Saunt, Miss B. V.
1889 Schuster, Bev. W. P., M.A., B.D.
1910 Schuster, Mrs. W. P.
1907 Scott, J. H., Esq., M.E.
1904 Seaman, Bev. C. E., M.A., B.D.
1883 Searle, Alan, Esq.
1906 Shephard, Colonel C. S., D.S.O. 1896 Shepheard, Thomas, Esq.,
F.B.M.S.
1906 Shepherd, Bev. F. J.
1903 Sheridan, Mrs. A. T. Brinsley
1884 Sherren, J. A., Esq., F.B. Hist. S.
1914 Sherring, B. Vowell, Esq., F.L.S. 1913 Shields, Bev. A. J., M.A.
1908 Shortt, Miss E. F. 1908 Shortt, Miss L. M.
Dunmore, Bodwell, Weymouth
The Dower House, Lew Trenchard,
Devon
Newlands, Salisbury Wyndcroft, Bridport Owermoigne Bectory, Dorchester
Montevideo, Chickerell, near Wey- mouth
The Bectory, Pulham, Dorchester St. Oswald, West Lulworth St. Oswald, West Lulworth Chardstock House, Chard Trent Bectory, Sherborne Trent Bectory, Sherborne The Grange, Marnhull Forde Abbey, Chard Clavinia, Weymouth Mouiitside, Westbourne Park Boad, Bournemouth
16, Victoria Terrace, Weymouth Parnham, Beaminster Parnham, Beamiiister The Cottage, Upwey The Cottage, Upwey The Vicarage, West Lulworth, Ware-
ham The Vicarage, West Lulworth, Ware-
bam
Skiddaw, Talbot Hill, Bournemouth Stalbridge Bectory, Blandford Ashton Lodge, Bassett, Southampton Shortlake, Osmington, Weymouth
Kingsley, Bournemouth West The Presbytery, Dorchester Frampton Court, Dorchester Helmsley, Penn Hill Avenue, Park- stone
Hallatrow, Bristol Thornf ord Bectory, Sherborne The Manor House, Martinstown The Manor House, Martinstown
XX11.
1897 Simpson, Jas., Esq. 1895 Simpson, Miss
1912 Smith, Eev. A. Hippisley
1913 Smith, Hy. Gregory, Esq.
1899 Smith, Howard Lyon, Esq.,
L.E.C.P.
1909 Smith, Nowell C., Esq., M.A.
1908 Smith, Mrs. Spencer
1888 Solly, Eev. H. Shaen, M.A. 1901 Sotheby, Eev. W. E. H., M.A.,
E.D.
1905 Stephens, J. Thompson, Esq. 1908 Stephens, A. N., Esq.
1900 Storer, Colonel, late E.E.
1895 Sturdy, Leonard, Esq.
1896 Sturdy, Philip, Esq.
1907 Sturdy, Alan, Esq.
1905 Sturdy, E. T., Esq.
1914 Sturrock, J., Esq.
1898 Sturt, W. Neville, Esq. 189S Suttill, H. S., Esq. 1905 Suttill, John, Esq.
1913 Swaffield, A. Owen, Esq. 1912 Swinburne -Hanham, J. C., Esq. 1893 Sykes, E. E., Esq., B.A., F.Z.S. ( Vice -President}
1889 Symes, G. P., Esq., M.A., B.C.L.,
M.V.O.
1904 Symonds, Arthur G., Esq. 1904 Symonds, Henry, Esq., F.S.A.
( Vice- President and
Hon. Editor)
1912 Symonds, F. G., Esq.
1913 Symonds, Wm. Pope, Esq.
1901 Telfordsmith, Telford, Esq.,
M.A., M.D. O.M. Thompson, Eev. G., M.A.
Minterne Grange, Parkstone Penolver, Glendinning Avenue, Wey-
mouth Knowlton House, Surrey Eoad,
Bournemouth Crathie Lodge, Parkstone
St. Mary's Eectory, Glanville's
Wootton
School House, Sherborne Kingston Vicarage, Wareham Southcote, Alexandra Eoad, Parkstone
Gillingham Vicarage, Dorset Wanderwell, Bridport Haddon House, West Bay, Bridport Keavil, Bournemouth Trigon, Wareham
The Wick, Branksome, near Bourne- mouth
The Wick, Branksome, near Bourne- mouth
Norburton, Burton Bradstock, Bridport 12, Greenhill, Weymouth
9, Lansdown Crescent, Bath Pymore, Bridport
24, West Street, Bridport Eodwell Lodge, Weymouth Manston , Sturminster Newton
Longthorns, Blandford
Monksdene, Dorchester Eoad, Wey- mouth
10, South Street, Dorchester
30, Bolton Gardens, London, S.W. The Firs, Sturminster Newton Newton House, Sturminster Newton
The Knoll, Parkstone Highbury, Bodorgan Eoad, Bourne- mouth
XX111.
1906 Thomson, Chas. Bertram, Esq.,
F.B.C.S.
1907 Towers, Miss
1898 Troyte-Bullock, Mrs.
1905 Truell, Mrs.
O.M. Udal, His Honour J. S., F.S.A. (Vice-President)
1908 Udal, N. R., Esq., B.A. 1897 Usher, Rev. E., M.A., F.L.S. 1890 Usherwood, Eev. Canon T. E.,
M.A.
1910 Vivian, S. P., Esq.
1907 Waite, Arthur H., Esq. 1887 Walker, Eev. S. A., M.A. 1905 Ward, Samuel, Esq.
O.M. Warre, Eev. Canon F., M.A.
1904 Warry, Mrs. King
1904 Warry, Wm., Esq.
1905 Watkins, Wm., Esq., F.E.G.S.
1905 Watts, Miss
1893 Weaver, Eev. F. W., M.A.,
F.S.A., F.E.Hist.S.
1910 Webb, Miss
1913 West, C. E., Esq.
1895 Whitby, Joseph, Esq.
1908 Whitby, Mrs. J.
1904 Wil'dman, W. B., Esq., M.A. 1903 Williams, Captain Berkeley C. W.
1897 Williams, Miss F. L.
1884 Williams, Colonel Eobert, M.P.
1884 Williams, Mrs. Eobert
1908 Williams, Miss Ehoda
1906 Williams, Miss Meta
1912 Williams, Mrs. Arthur S.
1905 Wills, A. W., Esq., B.A., LL.B.
1906 Winwood, T. H. E., Esq., M.A. 1910 Woodd,A.B.,Esq.,M.A.,M.E.I.
1913 Woodhouse, Eev. A. C.
1913 Woodhouse, Mrs. A. C.
1898 Woodhouse, Miss
Eomansleigh, Wimborne
Kelvedon, Cliff Eoad, Sherringham,
Norfolk
Silton Lodge, Zeals, Bath Onslow, Wimborne
2, Marlborough Hill, London, N.W. Gordon College, Khartoum Netherbury, Beaminster
Bagdale, Parkstone
22, Eoyal Avenue, Chelsea, S.W.
Osmington House, Weymouth
Charlton Manor, Blandford
Ingleton, Greenhill, Weymouth
Bemerton, Salisbury
39, Filey Avenue, Upper Clapton,
London, Is".
Westrow, Holwell, Sherborne 62, London Wall, E.G. Bemerton, Salisbury
Milton Vicarage, Evercreech, Somerset
Luscombe, Parkstone
Cluny Croft, Swanage
Preston, Yeovil
Preston, Yeovil
The Abbey House, Sherborne
Herringston, Dorchester
Westleaze, Dorchester
Bridehead, Dorchester
Bridehead, Dorchester
Bridehead, Dorchester
South Walk, Dorchester
Hill House, Yetminster
3, Hyde Park Gate, London, S.W. Eothesay, Dorchester Heckfield, Milford-on-Sea, Hants Winterborne Monkton Ecctory, Dor- chester
Winterborne Monkton Eectory, Dor- chester Chilmore, Ansty, Dorchester
XXIV.
1903 Woodhouse, Miss Ellen E.
1906 Woodhouse, Frank D., Esq.
1906 Woodhouse, Mrs. Frank D.
1911 Woodhouse, Miss A. M. R.
1902 Wright, Rev. Herbert L., B.A.
1910 Yeatman, H. F., Esq., M.A., B.C.L.
Chilmore, Ansty, Dorchester
Old Ford House, Blandford St. Mary
Old Ford House, Blandford St. Mary
Norden, Blandford
Church Knowle Rectory, Corfe Castle
28, Cecil Court, Hollywood Road, London, S.W.
AFFILIATED LIBRAE Y (Rule XXI.). 1911 Central Public Library Bournemouth
The above list includes the New Members elected up to and including the May meeting of the year 1914.
(Any omissions or errors should be notified to the Hon. Secretary).
XXV.
jdeto
ELECTED SINCE THE PUBLICATION OF THE LIST CONTAINED IN VOL. XXXIV.
The Rev. Canon T.
E. Usherwood H. S. Newnham, Esq.
PKOPOSED MAY GTH, 1913. Nominee. Proposer.
Miss Edith Champ, of St. A. Champ, Esq.
Katharine's, Bridport Miss Eva M. Champ, of Conis- ,,
ton, Bridport The Rev. A. J. Shields, M.A., Captain Carr S. Glyn
of Thornford Rectory, Sher-
borne Hy. Gregory Smith, Esq., of
Crathie Lodge, Parkstone The Rev. A. C. Woodhouse,
M.A., of Winterbourne Monk- ton Rectory, Dorchester Mrs. A. C. Woodhouse, of Winter- „
bourne Monkton Rectory
PROPOSED JUNE STH AND JULY BED, Nominee. Proposer.
Mrs. Gadesden, of Holwell Canon J. C. M.
Manor, Sherborne Mansel-Pleydell
Mrs. Lionel Fox Pitt, of Cliff
House, Shaftesbury Aubrey Edwards, Esq., of The Canon T. E.
Beeches, Penn Hill Avenue, Usherwood
Parkstone
PROPOSED SEPT. 16TH, 1913. Nominee. Proposer.
The Rev. H. H. T. Bassett, Canon J. C. M.
R.D., of Whitchurch Vicarage, Mansel-Pleydell
Blandford Clement G. Bone, Esq., M.A., of
6, Lennox Street, Weymouth Henry Ellis, Esq., F.R.A.S., of W. J. Mason, Esq.
Inglefield, Little Heath,
Potter's Bar, Middlesex Win. Pope Symonds, Esq., of Alfred Pope, Esq.
Broadview, Kettering
Seconder. J. Suttill, Esq.
Miss Constance
Alexander
The Rev. H. Farley
The Rev. W. Miles Barnes
1913.
Seconder. H. Syndercombe
Bower, Esq. The Rev. J. C.
Blackett H. Le Jeune, Esq.
Seconder.
The Rev. A. C. Almack
The Rev. W.
Rhydderch The Rev. H. S.
Solly
The Hon. Editor
XXVI.
PROPOSED DEC. 9iH, 1913.
Nominee. Proposer.
Miss Burton, of Blake Hill The Rev. H. S. Solly House, Parkstone
H. F. Dibben, Esq., M.A., of Sir Daniel Morris Eype, Bridport
Charles E. Mason, of Stone, Wimborne
J. Sturrock, Esq., of 12, Green- hill, Weymouth
Seconder. The Rev. S. E.
V. Filloul Dr. W. T. Ord
Canon J. M. J.
Fletcher Miss M. H. Saunt Miss Simpson
Captain Carr S. Glyn
PROPOSED FEB. SRD, 1914.
Nominee. Mrs. Acheson-Gray, of East
Hill, Charminster Miss Florence Cross, of Stock
Gaylard Rectory, Sturminster
Newton Mrs. Eardley, of the Rectory,
Swanage The Rev. A. C. Moule, B. A.,
of Little Bredy, Dorchester Alfred Douglas Pass, Esq., of
Wootton Fitzpaine, Char-
mouth R. Vowell Sherring, Esq., F.L.S.,
of Hallatrow, Bristol
Proposer. Miss L. R. Clapcott
Canon J. C. M.
Mansel-Pleydell
The Rev. H. L.
Wright Captain J. E. Acland
Colonel T. A. Coif ox
H. Le Jeune, Esq.
Seconder. H. B. Middleton,
Esq. Mrs. Allner
The Rev. W. P.
Schuster Colonel Robert
Williams Joseph Gundry,
Esq.
Dr. H. Colley March
XXV11.
PUBLICATIONS.
Proceedings of the Dorset Natural History and Antiquarian Field Club. Vols. I.— XXXV. Price 10s. 6d. each volume, post free.
General Index to the Proceedings. Vols. I.— XXVI. Price 6d., by
post 7d. The Church Bells of Dorset. By theKev. Canon RAVEN, D.D., F.S.A.
Price (in parts, as issued), 6s. t>d., post free.
By the late J. C. HANSEL -PLEYDELL, B.A., F.G.S., F.L.S. The Flora of Dorset. 2nd Edition. Price 12s. The Birds of Dorset. Price 5s. The Moll usca of Dorset. Price 5s.
By the Rev. O. PICKARD- CAMBRIDGE, M.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S. Spiders of Dorset. 2 vols. Price 25s., post free.
The British Phalangidea, or Harvest Men. Price 5s., post free. British Chernetidea, or False Scorpions. Price 3s., post free.
By the PRESIDENT :
Second Supplement to the Lepidoptera of the Isle of Purbeck. Compiled from the notes of Eustace E. Bankes, M.A., F.E.S. Price Is.
The Volumes of Proceedings can be obtained from the Hon. Treasurer (the Eev. Canon Mansel-Pleydell, Sturminster Xewton) ; the Church Bells of Dorset, from the Rev. W. Miles Barnes, Dorchester ; Mr. Mansel-Pleydell's works, from the Curator of the Dorset County Museum, Dorchester ; the Rev. O. Pickard- Cambridge's works, from the Author, Bloxworth Rectory, Wareham ; the Lepidoptera of the Isle of Purbeck, from the President ; and the General Index, from the Assistant- Secretary (Mr. H. Pouncy, Dorset County Chronicle Office, Dorchester).
SOCIETIES & INSTITUTIONS IN CORRESPONDENCE
WITH THE FIELD CLUB. Bodleian Library, Oxford. Bournemouth Natural Science Society, " Trewirgie,"
Christchurch Road, Bournemouth. Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society,
Gloucester.
British Museum, London. British Museum of Natural History, South Kensington,
London.
British Association, Burlington House, London. Cambridge Philosophical Society, Cambridge. Devonshire Association for the Advancement of Science. Essex Museum of (Natural History, Stratford, Essex. Geological Society of London, London. Hampshire Field Club, Southampton. Royal Society of Antiquaries, Dublin, Ireland. Society of Antiquaries, London. Somerset Archaeological and Natural History Society,
Taunton.
University Library, Cambridge. Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Society.
Devizes.
jTtaturai Sjistarp anti Antiquarian jfidfc Club
FROM MAY, 1913, TO MAY, 1914.
FIRST SUMMER MEETING. THE VALLEY OF THE WIN OR ALLEN.
Thursday, 5th June.
Wimborne railway station was the meeting place of about 120 members and their guests. Among those who attended on this occasion were the President, the Hon. Secretary, the Hon. Treasurer, and the Archdeacon of Dorset. Those of the members who had arrived by earlier trains occupied the interval by making a brief visit to the Minster Church, under the guidance of Canon FLETCHER.
The party then began the programme by driving to the paper mills at Witchampton, where they were received by the owner, Mr. WILLIAM BURT, who conducted them through the manufactory and explained in detail the various processes. Paper making had been carried on continuously in this country parish for about 150 years by seven or eight generations of Mr. Burt's forefathers, and the industry was therefore entitled to rank as one of the oldest in Dorset. It was mentioned that the chief products of the mills were cartridge paper for sporting ammunition and brown packing paper. After the machinery and appliances had been inspected, the PRESIDENT expressed the thanks of the Club to Mr. Burt and his family for their kindness.
THE VALLEY OF THE WIN OR ALLEN. XXIX.
WlTCHAMPTON I
ITS BARN, MANOR HOUSE, AND CHURCH.
The Members were welcomed to this charming village by the Rev. E. W. BAKER, the Rector, who acted as their guide. The ruins of the so-called Abbey Barn were, by local tradition, part of a monastery ; but Mr. Baker was of opinion that the building was almost certainly the original manor house of the Matravers and Arundel families, who had successively owned the manor from 1300 to 1600. The PRESIDENT recalled the fact that a holy- water stoup had been found in a fallen portion of the wall, but the RECTOR said that his predecessor came to the conclusion that the stoup was from the private oratory of the house. Mr. PENTIN added that there was no evidence of any monastic foundation in the parish.
At the Manor House, which may be dated as not earlier than 1520, the PRESIDENT read a few notes prepared by Miss Williams, who had recently lived there. The dining- room, kitchen, pantry, and another small room, with the chambers over them, were the only surviving portions of the old structure, the other part having been added about 38 years ago. Over a small window are the letters W. R., which stand for William Rolle ; when the house was enlarged a worn stone reading, " Pray for the soule," was removed from between the two letters. (The rector in 1505 was Walter Rolle.) The oak mantelpiece and the panelling are Jacobean ; the latter had been covered with white paint, which was scraped off by Mrs. Williams.
The church of All Saints was rebuilt, with the exception of the Perpendicular tower, by Mr. C. H. Sturt between 1832 and 1845, and was restored in 1898 by the Rev. C. P. Wix, then rector. Mr. BAKER related the history of the church and parish, with which were associated the families of Arundel, Scovel, and Cole. He also drew attention to the monuments formerly in the old church, to the 13th century font of irregular octagon shape, which had at one time been
XXX. THE VALLEY OF THE WIN OR ALLEN.
used as a drinking trough, and to the chalice and paten presented in 1630 by Elizabeth Scovel. Another interesting object was an earthenware flagon, capable of holding some five gallons, and bearing the inscription " Witchampton Bellfrye."
CRICHEL HOUSE.
By the kind invitation of Lord Alington the Club next visited More Crichel. The ancient seat of the Napiers having been destroyed b}7" fire in 1742, the present house was erected in the Classic Renaissance style of that period, and was afterwards enlarged by Humphry Sturt. Many royal visitors have been entertained at Crichel from time to time, King Edward VII. and the German Emperor being among the number. The members were able to examine the architectural features of the interior and the collection of works of art, the latter including a series of portraits by celebrated painters of the 18th century. There was time to walk through the Italian garden and the rock garden, where the botanists found much to attract their attention. The church, which was rebuilt by Mr. C. H. Sturt on the site of an earlier fabric, was also visited.
KNOWLTON.
A pleasant drive brought the party to the derelict chapel of Knowlton, in the parish of Woodlands. The ruins stand upon a plateau surrounded by a circular earthwork, the fosse of which is inside the vallum, as at Avebury. (Cf. the plan and description in Proceedings Vol. XXXIV., p. 39.)
Mr. OSWALD KNAPP received the Members on their arrival and explained the points of interest. The original chapel was early Norman, of which period two typical arches have survived. The font, also of Norman work, is now preserved in Woodlands Church. The tower, chantry chapel, and the eastern portion of the aisle were of the Decorated period. Hutchins said that the building was in ruins in 1650, and although there had been later attempts at restoration it
THE VALLEY OF THE WIN OR ALLEN. XXXI.
had been in its present roofless condition for at least a century.
The day's programme terminated at Wimborne Vicarage, where the Club was most hospitably entertained at tea by Canon and Mrs. Fletcher. Two candidates for membership were afterwards nominated.
XXX11. THE NEW FOREST.
SECOND SUMMER MEETING.
THE NEW FOREST.
Thursday, 3rd July.
The Field Club assembled at Ringwood Station, the main purpose of the meeting being to examine the Romano- British pottery works in that district.
Mr. Nelson M. Richardson, the President, was accompanied by the Rev. H. Pentin, Canon Mansel-Pleydell, Captain Elwes, Mr. Alfred Pope, and about 85 members and their friends.
Under the guidance of Mr. Heywood Sumner. F.S.A., the party set out for the potteries at Sloden, where the spoil heaps yielded many specimens of broken shards, some of which had been decorated by the craftsmen of the Roman period.
After an inspection of the site, the members drove on through the Forest to the second pottery works at Island's Thorn, where Mr. SUMNER addressed them on the history of the two undertakings, as derived from excavations and similar evidence.
These potteries, at Sloden and Island's Thorn, were Romano -British potteries of a commercial character. Here coarse, hard ware was made and hawked about the country for sale, presumably on pack- horses, judging by the trackways which one saw leading to and from the potteries. There was one good example near God's Hill, called on the Ordnance Map a " supposed camp," but really an old pack-horse way, and the natural road from the Sloden potteries to Cranborne Chase. The potteries had been excavated to a certain extent, but not thoroughly, because the trees had always interfered with any excavators' work. Mr. Bartlett, who made these excavations in 1853, as recorded in Archceologia, found kilns with their floors intact, but not their side walls. They had a sort of brick earth remaining round the side walls, but none of them were perfect ; and unfortunately the plans which Mr. Bartlett drew of the sites of the kilns were drawn with the compass, and thus did not show how the kilns were made. It was supposed that wood was used as fuel, and that then, as nowadays, the
THE NEW FOREST. XXX111.
clay was fetched to the fuel, and not the fuel to the clay. There was abundance of wood in the Forest, and the clay may have come either from the hills around or from Alderholt. The floors of the kilns were made of heath stone — sand indurated with iron. That fact was interesting, because in the course of the excavations which he had made on the site of a Roman farm on Rockbourne Down, where some Roman hypocausts had been found, he observed that the sides of the flues were made entirely of this heath sandstone, which withstood fire and burnt a wine-red. He had written to Mr. Engleheart, of Tisbury, who had excavated at Andover, and asked him whether he had also found this heath-stone used. Mr. Engleheart answered that in all the hypocausts that he had unearthed he had found this heath-stone, burnt a fine wine-colour. This heath-stone was found on all the hills about there, but not at Andover or on the heath Itself. Probably it was an article of export, just as this coarse and fine pottery was hawked about the country. At Island's Thorn Mr. Bartlett dug up three Roman coins, dating from 350 to 370 A.D., but the patterns on some of the ornamented pottery had a distinct pre -Roman or late Celtic character, which suggested that these potteries were a going concern before the Romans came, and before they somewhat changed their style of ornamentation. Much of the pottery found on the downs was too soft to be hawked about ; but that made at Sloden was quite hard, either black-grey or reddish ware, extremely well made and rather harsh to the touch. Presumably these " spoil banks " were the place where they threw away the unsatisfactorily-made pieces — the fiaschi. At Sloden the pottery was all of one kind, for homely domestic purposes, but at Island's Thorn there was considerable variety. The principal type was of a rather thick, bone-coloured ware, on which lines and zig-zags were painted in red. Then there was also a very hard grey pottery with a purplish glaze, ornamented with indentations and zig-zags ; and again one found a thinner reddish pottery with a glaze apparently meant to imitate Samian — a better-class ware which came from Gaul and which the Romans appreciated very much. The potters in the Forest were not very successful in their imitation of it, and their glaze always wore off.
Before leaving Island's Thorn, Captain Elwes was asked to make a few comments on the flora of the neighbourhood. He said that among the rarities was a very scarce wild gladiolus, which was not improbably introduced by the Romans ; the plant had disappeared for a time, but during the last twenty years it had been found again. Another rare plant was the ivy-leaved harebell, which occurred among
THE NEW FOREST.
moss in damp situations. Two varieties of Drosera, or sun dew, were found there, as in Purbeck, and occasionally an unusual form of Orchis maculata. Erica ciliaris did not occur there.
The party then went to Mr. Sumner's house at Cuckoo Hill, South Gorley, where they were welcomed by their host and hostess and entertained at tea. Afterwards, Mr. Sumner invited his guests to examine the original drawings of various archaeological excavations, among which were the plans of a Romano -British farmstead at Rockbourne Down recently uncovered by him, and he also exhibited many interesting objects from the same site. Three hypocausts had been found, the arrangement of the flue in the bakehouse being of a very unusual character.
The PRESIDENT then thanked Mr. Sumner for his valuable assistance during the day and for his hospitality at South Gorley.
At a business meeting which followed, a protest was recorded against any alteration of the calendar, including that proposed by the Illinois 'State Academy of Science. Six candidates were elected by ballot, and one new nomination was announced by the HON. SECRETARY.
MALMESBURY AND LACOCK. XXXV.
THIRD SUMMER MEETING.
MALMESBURY AND LACOCK.
Thursday and Friday, I4=th and I5th August.
The headquarters of the Club during this meeting were at the Angel Hotel, Chippenham, a central point from which to carry out the programme. The members, having assembled at Malmesbury, placed themselves under the leadership of their friend, Mr. E. Doran Webb, F.S.A., who had again con- sented to act as guide during the two-days visit to Wiltshire.
On reaching the Benedictine Abbey Church the party was met by the Vicar, Canon McMiLLAN, who greeted the visitors with a few words of welcome.
Mr. DORAN WEBB then gave a short account of the history of the town, the name of which was derived, as he thought, from the Celtic and Saxon words " Mai dune beorg," or Cross-hill-town .
The first Abbot of whom anything was definitely known was Aldhelm, who received a grant of lands in A.D. 675 from Eleutherius, Bishop of Sherborne, as stated in the chartulary of Malmesbury. In 705 Aldhelm became Bishop of Sherborne, and was succeeded at Malmesbury by a long line of Abbots, who controlled the church and monastery until the Dissolu- tion.
Turning to the exterior of the Abbey, now the Parish Church, Mr. Webb remarked that this splendid relic of Twelfth Century Romanesque architecture had originally a tower at the Western end and a central tower at the crossing, sur- mounted by a lofty spire of wood. Both of the towers fell in the sixteenth century, the collapse of the Western one destroying the three nearest bays of the nave. The West screen front was afterwards rebuilt against the shortened church. The portions in use to-day were the six remaining bays of the nave, now walled up at the East end, and the South porch. The Eastern limb, consisting of five bays, and
XXXVI. MALMESBURY AND LACOCK.
both of the transepts, have vanished, save two ruined arches of the crossing and part of a transept wall.
The cloisters and monastic buildings stood on the North side, such fragments as have survived being now incorporated with the Abbey House, an Elizabethan dwelling.
The Norman porch on the South side, showing eight orders on the outer arch and three on the inner, is the chief glory of the Abbey. " We have," said Mr. Webb, " no other porch equal to this in the whole country."
The interior of the church retains the Norman vaulting of the nave and aisles,which, with the other early work, enables the stranger to form a conception of the beauty of the structure in its entirety. An altar tomb bearing the recumbent effigy of a king, reputed to be ^Ethelstan, lies near the South-east corner. This king granted to the townsmen of Malmesbury in A.D. 937 six hundred acres of land in the neighbourhood, and the rights so conferred in Saxon times are enjoyed by some 240 holders of allotments at the present day.
After the Dissolution the Abbey was sold to one Master Stumpe, a clothier, who set up his looms in the monastic offices and even carried on his trade in parts of the church itself. Nevertheless, it is to this Tudor clothier that we mainly owe the preservation of the nave and its conversion to the purposes of a parish church. The library of the monks had contained manuscripts which would now be priceless, but many of them, alas, were dipped in tallow and used by Stumpe's weavers as a means of lighting them to and from their work.
THE TOWN.
The belfry tower is the only surviving portion of the old parish church of St. Paul, which was abandoned when the Abbey was adapted to parochial uses ; this tower now serves as a campanile for the monastic church.
The octagonal market cross has its stone vaulting intact, and is a fine example of the Perpendicular masonry of the sixteenth century.
I
MALMESBURY AND L ACOCK. XXX Vll.
The Club also inspected the quaint buildings known as ^Ethelstan's Almshouses. Almost adjoining is the Court Hall, where the Trustees and Commoners meet on the second Tuesday after Trinity to carry through the necessary formali- ties in connection with ^Ethelstan's gift of lands.
Finally, Mr. Doran Webb led the party along the Town Walls on the way to the Railway Station.
In the evening the members dined together at Chippenham, and afterwards the Rev. F. W. WEAVER, F.S.A., delivered a short address on the life of St. Aldhelm, with a reading from the Saint's poems translated from the Latin by Mr. F. Bligh Bond.
A business meeting was held, at which three candidates were elected by ballot, Miss Woodhouse was appointed as Corresponding Secretary of the Selborne Society's Plant Protection Scheme, and a contribution was voted for the excavations at Maumbury.
THE SECOND DAY, FRIDAY.
At nine o'clock the members started for the village and Augustinian Abbey of Lacock, and were received at the parish church of St. Cyriac by the Vicar, the Rev. W. H. Ramsbottom.
Mr. DORAN WEBB, in the course of his description of the church, said that it was practically rebuilt in the fifteenth century, when the transepts were added. The beautiful Lady Chapel, the latest of the structural work, had a fan- tracery ceiling and considerable remains of original colouring. A canopied tomb in the chapel commemorated Sir William Sharington, who died in 1566, the first lay owner of the neighbouring Abbey after the Dissolution. A double hagioscope, one aperture giving a view of the high altar, the other of the side altar, was a somewhat unusual feature. Among the monuments was an excellent brass of Robert Baynard and his numerous family, dated 1500. The sacramental plate included a mediaeval silver chalice and cover, which Mr. Webb believed to be the ciborium from the
XXXViii. MALMESBURY AND LACOCK.
conventual church, the only one now in use, as far as he knew.
By the permission of Mr. C. H. Talbot the visitors then explored some portions of Lacock Abbey, a thirteenth century House for Augustinian nuns, the foundress of which was also the first Abbess.
At the Dissolution the Abbey and its lands were sold to Sir William Sharington, who pulled down the church and transformed the conventual buildings into a private dwelling. Thus was preserved one of the most perfect survivals of the monastic period.
Sharington, a Court favourite of Henry VIII., had a chequered career ; after his acquisition of Lacock he was appointed in 1546 to be the head of the newly-constituted mint at Bristol, a position which he occupied until the second year of Edward VI., when he was dismissed in consequence of malpractices at the mint under his control. He escaped the death penalty awarded to his fellow-conspirator, Thomas, Lord Seymour of Sudeley, and was eventually pardoned, the estates being then restored to him. His initials W S appear on the coins struck by him at Bristol, and it is a curious fact that the same initials are to be seen upon his tomb in St. Cyriac's Church and upon flooring tiles used by him when altering the interior of the Abbey.
Although the conventual church is no longer in existence, the ancient cloisters are almost untouched, and are now incorporated with the more recent Tudor mansion. The chapter house, sacristy, calefactory or day room, and under- croft, all with vaulted roofs, tell of the former magnificence of the establishment. The dormitory and the refectory also remain, but have been divided internally.
Mr. Doran Webb, having completed his architectural and historical narrative, led the way to Lacock village, where he pointed out the " blind house," the Abbey barn, the restored market cross, and several delightful houses in that old-world spot.
STURMINSTER NEWTON. XXXIX.
FOURTH SUMMER MEETING. STURMINSTER NEWTON. Tuesday, 16th September.
About sixty members and their friends accompanied Mr. N. M. Richardson, the President, and the Club was once again indebted to Mr. E. Doran Webb for assistance during the day.
The place of assembly was Sturminster Railway Station, whence the party drove to the village of Hammoon, which derives the latter portion of its name from the Mohuns of Dunster ; other branches of this family were settled at Fleet and at Bothenhampton during the sixteenth century.
On arriving at Hammoon the remnants of the mediaeval village cross, consisting of the broached socket stone and a section of the shaft, were first examined. Mr. W. Fisher Crouch said that he had found the fragments in April last in a ditch, and that they had since been placed on their original site. Lord Port man had proposed to complete the shaft, and so restore the cross. At the church the visitors were received by the VICAR, the Rev. G. H. WYNNE. The fabric of the building, although considerably altered from its original condition, retains many points of interest. The oldest surviving part is the thirteenth century chancel, showing a slight inclination to the North, and there is a three-light East window, which was regarded as a good example of the same period. Canon MANSEL-PLEYDELL said that before the restoration there was a Norman arch between chancel and nave, but it had been removed by an incumbent as being " very inconvenient." The fifteenth century oak-ribbed roof of the nave was described by Mr. Doran Webb as almost perfect. Other noteworthy objects were the carved pulpit, bearing the date 1635, and an Elizabethan holder for an hour glass. There is also the
xl. STURMINSTER NEWTON.
socket stone of what was probably the churchyard cross, now converted into and used as a font.
The party then visited the Manor House, by permission of Mr. Crouch. This Elizabethan dwelling, with a roof of thatch and an ornate Jacobean porch, has been said to be " the most picturesque of its kind," a description with which the members were well content to agree.
IBBERTON.
A drive through Okeford Fitzpaine brought the Club to Ibberton, where they were met by the RECTOR, the Rev. L. S. PLOWMAN. The church, dedicated to St. Eustachius, stands high on the slope of the downs, and is reached by a flight of 47 steps. The Rector, in the course of his remarks, said that the fifteenth century fabric was in a sorry state before its restoration in 1900, being partially roofless and used for marriages only. The windows contained several pieces of stained glass of Tudor days, among which were medallions displaying the royal Arms of Elizabeth with the dragon of Wales as one of the supporters, the Arms of Milton Abbey, and other armorial fragments attributed to painter- stainers of the sixteenth century. There is also to be seen a chained volume of Homilies, dated 1673. Below the church rises a spring known as Stachy's Well, a local corruption of the name of the patron saint ; the waters of this spring now supply the town of Sturminster.
BELCHALWELL.
This church was subsequently visited under the guidance of Mr. Plowman. The late -Norman doorway is an admirable piece of work, with chevron and dog tooth ornamentation, and the four gargoyles on the tower are also worthy of notice. In the interior, the rood-loft doorway and staircase, the hagioscope, and the panelled arch under the tower are the more remarkable features.
STURMINSTER NEWTON. xli.
STURMINSTER NEWTON.
On returning to Sturminster, Canon MANSEL-PLEYDELL first led the party to Castle Hill and related the traditions concerning the Saxon stronghold, of which the only visible remnant was the deep fosse. The Gothic arches and other ruins of a building on the hill were of much later date.
Having inspected the ancient bridge over the Stour, the members drove to the Vicarage, where they were hospitably entertained by Canon and Mrs. Mansel-Pleydell.
At a business meeting three candidates for election were nominated, after which an adjournment was made to the parish church, where a short organ recital was given. The VICAR then addressed the members on the history of the church, saying that it was built by John Selwood, Abbot of Glastonbury, in the fourteenth century. In 1827 Mr. Lane- Fox pulled down and rebuilt portions of the structure, excepting only the tower and the nave. As a memorial to William Barnes, the original oak-ribbed roof had been skilfully repaired and renewed, and a carved eagle-lectern provided as part of the same scheme. The Dorset poet was born within the parish, was baptized in the church, and received his early education at Sturminster school. Before the meeting dispersed, the PRESIDENT expressed the thanks of the Club to their host and hostess, and to Mr. Doran Webb.
xlii. THE FIRST WINTER MEETING.
WINTER SESSION, 1913-14.
The first Winter Meeting of the Field Club was held at the Museum in Dorchester on Tuesday, 9th December, 1913. The President took the chair at 12.30, and among those present were the Hon. Secretary and the Hon. Treasurer.
Captain Acland wrote to express his regret at being unable to attend the meeting.
Four candidates for membership were then elected by ballot, and the Rev. H. Pentin reported four additional nominations.
Mr. ALFRED POPE read his report as the delegate of the Field Club at the meetings of the British Association in Birmingham, 10th-17th September, 1913—
The meeting was very largely attended, the official list including some 2,800 members and associates.
Sir Oliver Lodge, D.Sc., LL.D., and F.R.S., Principal of Birmingham University, the President of the Association, delivered a learned and interesting address on " Continuity."
The Conference of delegates was well attended, no less than 120 affiliated and associated Societes being represented at their first meeting.
It was presided over by Dr. P. Chambers Mitchell, F.R.S., who gave an address on " Utility and Selection." This was full of technicalities and very careful study would be required to master its details. It was decided after considerable discussion to hold next year's Conference of Delegates at Havre, during the meeting in that town of the French Association for the Advancement of Science ; Australia, where the British Association holds its meeting next year being considered too far distant for the Delegates to attend.
Various matters affecting affiliated societies were discussed at this meeting, but as none of them appear to be of interest to our Club I do not refer to them.
Of the sectional meetings I attended, perhaps the most interesting was the Agricultural Section, presided over by Professor J. B. Wood, M.A., who in his very able opening address referred to the yielding capacity of cereals and how to combat the disease of Yellow Rust in wheat, and to the dietary of animals with a view to the production of the greatest weight of meat.
THE FIRST WINTER MEETING. xliii.
Sir Richard A. Paget read a paper in which he put forward a sugges- tion for a co-partnership in agriculture between landlord and tenant, on somewhat novel lines, and to which he is giving a practical trial on his own estates in Somerset and Wilts, the result of which should be looked forward to with much interest. Other attractive papers were read in this section, and on the whole strong opinions were expressed that farming, under proper management, might in this country be made to pay a good percentage on the capital invested.
On Saturday, Sept. 13th, excursions were made to various places of interest in the Midlands. I had the honour of joining a party of some 100 members who visited the Roman Baths at Wall, near Lichfield, the site of the Roman city of Letocetum, which had been excavated during the summer of 1912 by the North Staffordshire Field Club. The Photographs and Plan, which I secured on the site, and which I have brought for your inspection, give a good idea of the extent of these most interesting excavations.
A report was read from Mr. E. A. FRY and Mr. NIGEL BOND, who had been appointed delegates to attend the Congress of Archaeological Societies at Burlington House on the 26th June, 1913. A printed report of the proceedings had been circulated among the members of the Field Club. Mr. Fry desired particularly to call attention to the " Index of Archa3o- logical Papers," and he hoped that the Club would support that most useful publication by purchasing copies.
The Rev. A. C. ALMACK gave notice that at the February meeting he would bring forward a motion that the Field Club should consider the possibility of compiling a record of archi- tectural and other losses suffered by the Churches in the county since 1840 or thereabouts, and that a sub-committee should be appointed to take the matter into consideration.
Canon FLETCHER had promised to support the resolution.
It was decided to make a contribution towards a memorial to the late Dr. Alfred Russel Wallace, which would take the form of a portrait for presentation to the Royal Society, and, if funds permitted, of other memorials. The PRESIDENT also proposed that the next volume of the Proceedings should include a memoir of Dr. Wallace, who had been an honorary, and in earlier years, an ordinary member of the Field Club.
xliv. THE FIRST WINTER MEETING.
EXHIBITS.
By Mr. N. M. RICHARDSON, (1) iron filigree earrings believed to be reproductions in iron of jewellery which was given to the State by Prussian ladies during the Napoleonic wars, 1813-15 ; (2) an Elizabethan stoneware jug with con- temporary pewter mountings which were very unusual in that metal, as silver was almost always employed. Also an unmounted specimen of similar ware ; (3) an iron cross 12 inches long recently found at Sandsfoot Castle, and which was believed to be a cross used to mark a grave. This was lent for exhibition by the Corporation of Wey mouth.
By Mr. HENRY SYMONDS, (1) photographs of a Late Bronze Age sepulchral urn of an unusual type, recently found at Puncknowle. This type, which formed a transition between the food vessel and the cinerary urn, was not represented in the Dorchester Museum, and it had been possible to arrange that the specimen should be added to the Museum's collection. (2) a parchment deed written in Norman French and dated 1302 with the heraldic seal of the Daumarle (or Damarell) family, who were connected with the Courtneys ; (3) a " touchpiece " in copper, struck at the Tower mint during the reign of Charles I., and used at the ceremony of touching those afflicted with the King's evil.
By Dr. H. COLLEY MARCH, two fragments of coal, from his own cellar, showing the bulb of percussion and conchoidal fracture on one side and the dorsal ridge on the other side, exactly similar in result to the handiwork of the flint- knapper.
By Mr. ALFRED POPE, an Indian charm engraved upon a hard black stone and mounted in silver.
By Canon FLETCHER and the Rev. H. PENTIN, various chains and one volume to illustrate the paper by the first- named on Chained Books.
By Mrs. T. A. PEARCE, (1) a fine axe of jade from New Zealand ; (2) a pair of old Dutch engravings.
THE FIRST WINTER MEETING. xlv.
PAPERS.
The PRESIDENT read a paper by the Rev. 0. Pickard- Cambridge on " The Relics left by Philip and Joan of Castile in 1506 and preserved in the writer's family," which is printed in this volume.
The Rev. CANON FLETCHER read a paper on " Chained Books," to which Mr. PENTIN added some notes on the chained library at Milton Abbey Church ; this will also be found in the following pages.
The meeting concluded with the reading of a paper on " Sandsfoot and Portland Castles," by Mr. HENRY SYMONDS, also printed in the present volume.
xlvi. THE SECOND WINTER MEETING.
SECOND WINTER MEETING.
Tuesday, 3rd February, 1914.
The President took the chair at the County Museum, Dorchester. There was a large attendance of the members of the Field Club, including the Rev. H. Pentin, Canon Mansel- Pleydell, and Lord Eustace Cecil, a past President.
The first business was the election by ballot of four candi- dates for membership who had been proposed at the last meeting, and the HON. SECRETARY subsequently announced six further nominations.
Owing to the unusually large number of papers which were to be read on this occasion the Executive had not invited any exhibits.
Dr. COLLEY MARCH called attention to the desirability of a further investigation of the trench at Dewlish containing the remains of Elephas Meridionalis, which had been explored by their first President, Mr. J. C. Mansel-Pleydell (cf. Proceed- ings vol. x., p. 1, and vol. xiv., p. 139), and by other Dorset men, since its discovery one hundred years ago. Dr. March had been informed that the Prehistoric Society of East Anglia intended to turn their attention to this notable trench, and he thought that a Dorset treasure of such importance should be explored under the auspices of the Field Club. A discussion of the subject followed, in the course of which Captain ACLAND proposed and Canon MANSEL-PLEYDELL seconded a resolution in these terms : —
"That the Chairman (Dr. H. Colley Marsh, F.S.A.) and the Hon Secretary (Mr. Chas. S. Prideaux) of the Earthworks Committee be authorised to obtain the aid of any experts or enthusiasts, whether they belong to this club or not, in order to carry out, with the kind permission of the landowner and tenant, a thorough scientific exploration of the Dewlish elephant trench, and to gather the requisite financial means for that purpose."
This was approved nem. con.
THE SECOND WINTER MEETING. xlvii.
In accordance with notice previously given, the Rev. A. C. ALMACK moved a resolution dealing with church restorations, which ran as follows : —
" That the Dorset Field Club take into consideration the possibility of compiling a record of all the important architectural and other features which have been lost by churches in the county owing to reconstruction or alteration since 1840 or thereabouts, and that a sectional committee be appointed to take such matters into consider- ation and to report at an early date."
In the absence of Canon Fletcher, the motion was seconded by Canon MANSEL-PLEYDELL, who remarked that his duties as rural dean brought under his notice a lamentable amount of demolition of ancient features under the guise of church restoration. Considerable discussion ensued, the HON. SECRE- TARY being of opinion that the work should be done through the rural deans, but eventually the proposal was adopted.
The HON. SECRETARY then reported the receipt of printed matter inviting support of the Society for Promoting Nature Reserves in this country. Sir DANIEL MORRIS briefly explain- ed the object of the founders of the society, which was to acquire land in desirable localities and to preserve it carefully as a refuge for plants, animals, and birds. i
PAPERS.
The PRESIDENT described a testamentary inventory of the contents of a yeoman's house at Woodcotte, in the parish of Handley, in the year 1627. Mr. Richardson also produced the original parchment roll, measuring 45 inches in length, and commented on many obsolete words which occurred in the list of goods and chattels.
Mr. E. A. RAWLENCE read a paper on the Folklore and Super- stitions which still survived in North Dorset.
Mr. AUBREY EDWARDS read a paper on the night-soaring of the Swifts.
Mr. W. DE C. PRIDEAUX contributed a further instalment of his series of " Dorset Brasses," and illustrated his address with a number of fine rubbings.
xlviii. THE SECOND WINTER MEETING.
Captain J. E. ACLAND described the hand-made button industry which was carried on in the eastern part of the county during the eighteenth century and later. This home industry had been happily revived during recent years.
The Rev. O. PICKARD -CAMBRIDGE had written a paper on " New and rare Arachnida noted in 1913," which was read on his behalf by the President.
The Rev. E. F. LINTON, of Edmondsham, contributed the first part of a paper on the Fungi of East Dorset. Sir DANIEL MORRIS, as a brother botanist, thanked Mr. Linton for his researches and said that he had promised a botanical paper to the Congress of Scientific Societies which would meet at Bournemouth in June next.
The foregoing papers will be printed in the present volume.
Mr. W. Neville Sturt had prepared an article on " The com- mercial daybook (1713-18) of John Richards, of Warmwell," but it was postponed to the next indoor meeting, as the writer was absent in Germany.
THE ANNUAL BUSINESS MEETING. xlix.
ANNUAL BUSINESS MEETING. Tuesday, 12th May, 1914.
This meeting was held at the Dorset County Museum, the President, Mr. Nelson M. Richardson, being in the chair. Among those present were the Rev. Herbert Pentin, Canon Mansel-Pleydell, Captain Elwes, Mr. Alfred Pope, F.S.A., and Captain J. E. Acland, F.S.A. Six candidates who had been proposed for membership on 3rd February were duly elected by ballot, and the Hon. Secretary read the nominations of four additional candidates.
The PRESIDENT then delivered his anniversary address, the tenth since his first election to the chair. The address will be found in the pages following this report.
Captain ACLAND proposed a vote of thanks to Mr. Richardson for his masterly summary of scientific research during the preceding year, and said that these addresses would in the future be regarded as important mile -stones marking the advance of knowledge.
Colonel MAIN WARING seconded the resolution.
Mr. ALFRED POPE, in supporting the vote of thanks, paid a tribute to the versatility of the President's attainments. Mr. Pope added that the valla of Maiden Castle, which had suffered so much from rabbits, had been repaired and re turfed by direction of the Inspector of Ancient Monuments, and were then in excellent condition.
Captain ELWES also supported the resolution, which was carried with acclamation, and the PRESIDENT expressed his thanks.
The HON. SECRETARY read his report for the year 1913, which was as follows : —
There is little to report this year. The membership of the Club has reached the maximum number — 400. The Summer meetings in 1913 were well attended and there is a balance in hand of £6 7s. 5d. on my
1. THE ANNUAL BUSINESS MEETING.
account, so that the reduced levy of Is. 6d. per diem for incidental expen expenses will be maintained during this summer. The winter meetings were unusually well attended, the meeting in February being one of the largest for many years. My accounts for the summer meetings lie on the table together with the vouchers pertaining thereto. — HERBERT PENTIN, Hon. Seen
Mr. Pen tin's statement of account is printed on a subsequent page.
The HON. TREASURER, Canon Mansel-Pleydell, then presented an audited account of the receipts and expenditure during 1913, and explained that the re -arrangement of the Field Club's year had caused temporary anxieties owing to the fact that the cost of two volumes of Proceedings, instead of one, had to be paid out of current revenue. He expressed the opinion that the Club ought to have a room in which their books, reserve volumes, and documents could be kept.
The accounts were adopted, the Treasurer being thanked for his services and congratulated on the success which had attended his control of the finances through a difficult period. The statement of accounts will be found on a later page.
A report by the HON. EDITOR was next read. Mr. Symonds furnished a list of the papers, &c., which would be included in the forthcoming volume of Proceedings for 1914, and stated that the Field Club were indebted to Canon J. M. J. Fletcher and to the Maumbury Excavation Committee for having kindly provided the respective blocks and plates which would illustrate the article on Chained Books and the report on the work at Maumbury.
A report by Mr. C. J. Cornish-Browne, director of the photographic survey, was read by the HON. SECRETARY. The only contribution to the collection had been fifty prints from the director himself, who did not desire re-election as he was leaving the neighbourhood shortly. Mr. Cornish-Browne was thanked for his valuable assistance in making the survey, and the hope was expressed that he would still be able to add some prints from time to time. Dr. E. K. Le Fleming was appointed director, subject to his consent to serve.
THE ANNUAL BUSINESS MEETING. 11.
Captain ACLAND read the following notes dealing with the chief additions, during 1913, to the Museum under his care : —
It is with much pleasure that I avail myself of this opportunity of describing to the members of the Field Club some of the principal recent acquisitions by the County Museum.
There have been several interesting additions to the prehistoric collections, and perhaps the most remarkable is a cinerary urn, found at Puncknoll in the year 1908. A photograph of this urn was shewn at a recent meeting of the Field Club by Mr. Henry Symonds, through whose kind efforts, in connection with Mr. W. G. Cornick of Bridport, it has now come to the Museum. The British Museum does not possess a specimen of this type, nor is one shewn in Mr. John Abercromby's great work on Bronze Age pottery, which contains over 1,600 illustra- tions. It was found under the foundation of an old building apparently a " Watch-tower," which had been erected on a mound, possibly a barrow. The urn was said to be protected by 4 stones standing on edge and another placed upon the top.
A second valuable acquisition of the same class, from Mr. Pike, of King Barrow, Wareham, is a fine cinerary urn discovered in a cist cut in the chalk under a barrow at East Down House, about 2 miles S.E. of Winterbourne Clenston, and 3£ miles from Blandford. It is equal in size to the largest urn in the Museum, 22 inches high, 17 inches diam. at the top. It is of the well known Dorset " flowerpot " shape, and is practically identical with one we already have from the same locality ; we could almost imagine in fact that they had been made at the same time, and by the same hand. This collection has also been increased by a gift from Mrs. Hall, of Osmington, of 3 small urns, or " food vessels," in good contition, part (probably) of Mr. C. L. Hall's original collection. She sent at the same time 8 Roman black ware vessels ; 2 broken Roman fluted cups, and other fragments. Some of these are dated 1839 and 1840.
Among other relics of the Roman period, we have acquired a good flue tile and a portion of an Antefix, from Miss Oliver, of Preston ; a loom weight, 7£ Ibs., found in Dorchester, and formerly in my own possession ; and several objects of Kimmeridge shale from the clay pits near Wareham, given by Mr. Pike. He states that a very large number of much the same shape and workmanship are found together, such as roughly cut rings, and disks, which leads him to think they were brought there and used for some purpose connected with the pottery works. They are not turned on a lathe like the waste cores of armlets, but roughly chipped with a chisel.
More than 100 Roman bronze coins have been given by Mrs. W. Mansel, from Puncknoll. They were found in that parish, and it
Hi. THE ANNUAL BUSINESS MEETING.
appears most probable that they are the so called " hoard " mentioned by Hutchins, Vol. II., p. 769 ; they have been examined by Mr. Henry Symonds, who informs me that 95 are " 3rd Brass " pieces of the two emperors Victorinus, who died 267 A.D., and Postumus, d. 268 A.D. ; they certainly have a most remarkable similarity in condition and appearance.
Mr. T. H. R. Winwood has given us a very small but prettily worked flint scraper, less than 1 inch long ; also a small flint rubber, or mulling stone. We have purchased a " Neolithic grinding stone," so named by the authorities at the British Museum ; it has two well shaped hollows for holding with the thumb and finger. It was found near Lulworth. The principal objects of interest found during the excavation at Maum- bury in 1913 are now in the Museum ; they do not throw any fresh light on the history of the site.
The Rev. H. Pentin has very kindly sent us two encaustic tiles from Milton Abbey, one of them shewing (as he informs me) the coat of arms of the family of Clare ; and from Cerne Abbey, we have also some very interesting specimens ; he also sent 3 " Friendly Society Staves," one bearing the name J. Butt. Occasionally such staves have fine orna- mental brass tops, and if any member of the Field Club could assist us to obtain some for the County Museum they would make a valuable addition to our collection of " By-gones," which has received recently an example of shoes worn by oxen when ploughing, and other trifles. As a loan from Colonel Pinney we have a handsome shako worn by the Dorset Yeomanry about the year 1838, and from Captain Daniell, R.N., specimens of iron round shot, in halves, found near Netherbury.
The Library has been enriched by a considerable number of books, dealing with a variety of subjects, of which I will only mention two of special interest to us " Do 'set volk." The Bishop of Durham gives a charming little publication " Memorials of a Vicarage," being recollec- tions of his early years in Fordington, 1829 onwards, a truly excellent example of what home life should be. The other comes from Miss Coombes, viz., " Unpublished Poems," by Rev. W. Barnes, published in 1870, at the School, Winterborne Monkton ; also " Song of Solomon " rendered in the Dorset dialect, dated 1859 ; on the title page is written in M.S.," Privately printed by Prince Lucien Bonaparte, only 250 copies struck off." He visited Dorchester in 1859 to meet our Dorset poet, being an eager student of local dialects, and it was at his suggestion that Mr. Barnes undertook this somewhat remarkable paraphrase.
In " Leader Scott's " life of her father (p. 183) it is stated that the Prince was a good linguist, and devoted many years to a comparative study of local dialects. The subject he chose for comparison was " The Song of Solomon, " which he had translated into scores of different dialects.
THE ANNUAL BUSINESS MEETING. liii.
The PEESIDENT said that they were much indebted to Captain Acland for his interesting notes and for his help to the Field Club on many .occasions. Mr. ALFRED POPE remarked that he would like to see the two organisations, the Club and the Museum, draw still closer together, just as the Somerset Archaeological Society and the Museum at Taunton formed one body.
Mr. C. S. PRIDEAUX, as secretary of the Earthworks Sectional Committee, reported that
Since the last annual meeting of the club your committee has met twice. It was decided to deal with single parishes in succession by each two members of the committee of ten, in order if possible to survey five parishes each year. The Field Club has supplied the necessary Gin. Ordnance maps, which are therefore the property of the club, and will be sent to the secretary when the survey is completed. We are glad to report that a considerable amount of useful work has been done. But at the present rate of progress it will be 50 years at least before the whole county will be finished. We therefore want more help, and shall be glad of volunteers. It has been decided to discontinue the excava- tions at Maumbury Rings at present ; but the Dewlish Elephant Trench will be further explored in June, a special search being made for possible traces of early man — and, judging from the large amount of corres- pondence received, we hope to see many visitors at Dewlish. The committee trust that members of this club will not only use their personal influence in preventing the destruction of earthworks, &c., but also report all such cases.
The corresponding secretary of the Numismatic Sectional Committee, Mr. HENRY SYMONDS, mentioned that the one find brought under his notice had occurred in the summer of 1913 at an excavation near the southern end of South Street, Dorchester, where a few third-brass coins of the Constantinian period came to light. The County Museum had received the undistributed portion of the Roman coins found at Puncknoll about 1850, which had been already referred to in the Curator's notes (supra).
The PRESIDENT announced that the Cecil medal and prize for the years 1913-14 had been awarded to Mr. George Nicolson, of Stavordale Road, Weymouth, for his essay on " The
Hv. THE ANNUAL BUSINESS MEETING.
utilization of natural forces for the economical production of electricity for lighting, heating, and domestic purposes, having special reference to Dorset and the neighbouring counties." Captain ELWES, as one of the trustees, presented the medal and prize to Mr. Nicolson, and stated in the course of his speech that they would in future be offered biennially instead of annually, the Cecil medal and the Mansel-Pleydell medal being awarded in alternate years. The respective prizes would be increased from £5 to £10 each. (The Mansel-Pleydell medal was not awarded this year.)
Mr. C. S. Prideaux exhibited a framed enlargement of a photograph of Maiden Castle, by Mr. W. Pouncy. On the motion of Mr. RICHARD BARROW it was resolved to buy the picture and present it to the Museum as a token of the Field Club's appreciation of the kindness always shown to them.
ELECTION OF OFFICERS AND COMMITTEES.
Mr. Nelson M. Richardson was re-elected as President, on the proposition of Captain ELWES, which was seconded by Canon FLETCHER.
The PRESIDENT nominated the Vice-Presidents of the previous year, and they were re-elected.
The Rev. Herbert Pentin was re-elected as honorary secretary ; he named Mr. H. Pouncy as assistant secretary.
Canon J. C. M. Mansel-Pleydell was re-elected as honorary treasurer. In accepting the office he again mentioned the need of increased accommodation for the Club's library, whereupon Mr. Pope offered to give a large bookcase, which was gratefully accepted by his fellow members.
Mr. Henry Symonds was re-elected as honorary editor.
The respective committees dealing with the Photographic Survey, Earthworks, and Numismatics were then appointed ; a list of the names will be found on another page.
A sectional committee, proposed by the Rev. A. C. Almack, for obtaining information as to objects of interest lost during church restorations, was also set on foot.
THE ANNUAL BUSINESS MEETING. lv.
Mr. Alfred Pope undertook to represent the Field Club at the meetings of the corresponding societies of the British Association.
Messrs. E. A. Fry and Nigel Bond were re-appointed as delegates at the congress of Archaeological Societies in union with the Society of Antiquaries of London.
Lastly, the members voted as to the places where meetings should be held during the ensuing summer. The choice fell upon Dewlish, Edington (Wilts), Lyme Regis (two days), and Chris tchurch.
Ivi.
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of tlje
By NELSON MOORE RICHARDSON, Esq., B.A.
(Read May 12th, 1914.)
OBITUARY.
|F those who have been taken from us during the past twelve months I regret to say that I have again a long list to record, including two of the few Original Members of the Club who remained to us, Rev. Canon Ravenhill and Mr. George Galpin, both of whom were frequently at our meetings and will be greatly missed by those who have known them for many years. When Canon Ravenhill was Vicar of Buckland Newton, as he was for 47 years, nothing delighted him more than to get the Field Club to visit his district under his guidance and partake of his hospitality, so that the older Members are indebted to him for much of their personal knowledge of Central Dorset. Several papers by him, chiefly on family history, will be found in our Proceed- ings. His kindness of heart was well known, and may be
PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. lix.
illustrated by a small incident which comes to my mind. In his latter years, when he was rather infirm, he was our host at a Central Dorset Meeting, and a lady complained much of the steepness of a hill up which we were all walking. Canon Ravenhill immediately, though apparently much the less active of the two, offered her his arm and escorted her to the top, doubtless with considerable exertion. During his last years in Dorchester he was rarely absent from our indoor meetings. Mr. Galpin always took a great interest in the Club, especially in the Natural History side of it, and has aided it in other ways, though he contributed no papers. He was one of those intelligent and appreciative Members who are always welcome. Another old Member whose loss I regret is Mr. E. W. Young, Editor of the Dorset County Chronicle, who joined us in 1893, and to whom we are indebted for much kind and patient work in connection with our Proceedings, in addition to the Index to the Volumes which he compiled for many years and the help he afforded in its early days to the Photographic Survey. Probably no one who has not edited our Proceedings is aware of the amount of work and often worry, not to mention correspondence, entailed, of course, chiefly on the Honorary Editor, but also in a minor degree on those who are responsible for the printing and publishing of the Volume. During the nine years that I edited the Volume, I always found Mr. Young most ready to help in any difficulty, and I feel that our thanks are partly due to him for the fine series of Proceedings that we have upon our shelves. Mr. Frederick J. Barnes, who became a Member in 1903, was interested in Natural History and Geology, and has contributed papers to our Proceedings. He also made use of his position as a quarry owner at Portland to preserve anything that he met with of rarity or interest, and many valuable specimens have been thereby saved which would otherwise probably have been neglected or destroyed. I regard this as one of the objects for which our Club exists. Mr. Jem Feacey, who joined the Club in 1905, will be specially remembered amongst us as the winner
Ix. PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.
of the Mansel-Pleydell Medal in 1908 for an excellent architectural essay. He has on more than one occasion given valuable professional help gratuitously in connection with the Field Club and Museum. Mr. Henry Duke joined at the same time, and those who were present at the Lulworth Castle Meeting in 1906 will remember how much the Club was indebted to him on that occasion for his help and informa- tion. I regret also to have to record the loss of Captain Edward W. Williams, who was elected in 1892, and of a more recent Member, Rev. P. B. Wingate, elected in 1910.
Of our Honorary Members, a most distinguished man, Alfred Russel Wallace, who was for some years after he came to live in Dorset an Ordinary Member of our Club, and was elected an Honorary Member in 1909, has passed from amongst us. His life and work have been so fully set forth in so many scientific and other publications, and also in a short memoir by our Vice -President, Mr. E. R. Sykes, which will be printed in the same Volume of Proceedings as this Address, that I do not propose to enter into it here. I will only add that we mourn his loss in common with scientists all over the world, and feel that our Club has been honoured by his connection with it.
ZOOLOGY.
In spite of the considerable agitation which has taken place with regard to the spreading of disease by flies, I believe that there is still little, if any, definite evidence that this is the case in this country, though doubtless germs have been found on the feet and bodies of flies. I refer to the mechanical spreading caused by the germs becoming attached to the flies through their resting on them, and being conveyed to another person in this way. In regard to the other method in which the germ lives inside the fly, and the patient is infected by the fly's bite as in malaria, the evidence as regards this country is extremely small, and infection in this way is not much more than suspected. I think that a little more
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certainty should be arrived at before we commence the violent crusades against flies which have been advocated. I am not now speaking of other countries which may be less fortunate. Our ignorance is well exemplified by the fact that it is not yet known whether the common housefly hibernates in the perfect state or not. And may I here allude to the fact that the common housefly cannot bite, and that it is only comparatively few flies that have a biting or rather piercing apparatus, or ever use it on human beings ? But an interesting association of non -biting flies with biting ones has been lately noted in India. The former attend on the latter and benefit by sucking up blood which the biting flies have drawn from the animal after or even before the latter have finished their meal. I am not aware that this has been observed in England. Again, if flies were responsible to any appreciable extent for the mechanical conveyance of disease germs, how could cows and other animals ever be free from all the available diseases, considering the swarms of flies that are always on them, piercing their skin and devoting special attention to any raw part. I cannot say, of course, that such infection never occurs ; but it seems to me that it must be most exceptional. The conveyance of germs, especially those of tuberculosis in milk, seems still to be a matter of some uncertainty, and as raw milk is stated to be undoubtedly better for the general health and strength of babies than sterilised milk it has been lately urged in authoritative quarters that it should be used, the risk of infection, if any, being at all events very small. The sterilising doubtless kills the milk as well as the germs. In the same way, in experiments on the subject of spontaneous generation of life, the substances experimented with have first to be sterilised to kill all germs, and if such a thing as spontaneous generation does exist, of which I believe there is absolutely no reliable evidence, the sterilising would probably destroy any latent tendencies existing in the substance dealt with, and prevent its manifestation. The causes of the abundance or scarcity of any species of insect
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in different seasons are generally very obscure, which gives importance to observations in the Lake district proving that the numbers of a sawfly destructive to larch were immensely reduced on two occasions by sudden increases in three parasites hitherto almost or quite unknown. This supports the method, sometimes successfully carried out, of introduc- ing suitable parasites to a district subjected to any pests. The most effective device for destroying locusts in the Sudan is said to be the sprinkling of poison mixed with treacle on the herbage, which would, however, one would think, be most dangerous to animals. One of the most cleverly worked out histories of the habits of insects is that on the courtship of the Empid flies, lately published by Mr. Hamm. These flies, of which there are numerous species, have a long proboscis with which they transfix other insects and suck their juices. When a male approaches a female he brings with him an offering, which varies in different groups. In one it is an insect, which is received by the female, which sucks it during pairing. In another group a stamen or other fragment of a flower or insect is offered, with which the female merely plays. In another the male spins a cocoon round some small body, which cocoon is accepted by the female. There are many other details of these unique proceedings, into which space will not permit me to enter here. A great deal has been spoken and written lately on bird protection, and some countries, as the U.S.A., have made laws affecting the welfare not only of their own birds, but of those of other countries, by prohibiting the importation of the skins of plumage birds, and I believe that England is likely to follow their example. In the case of species that are recklessly destroyed or threatened with extermination, I think such drastic measures are justified and desirable if, as seems probable, it is difficult or impossible to enforce protective laws in the countries where the birds live. As far as I know, most of these fine plumaged birds are harmless, and some of them perhaps useful to man. But if ladies are chiefly responsible for the slaughter of these beautiful birds, men on the other hand
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have, for a still more transitory amusement, brought to the verge of extinction many interesting animals, and to preserve these for the world there would seem to be no resource except strict game laws in the countries inhabited by the animals, which have been in some cases instituted. In both cases they are killing the goose that lays the golden eggs, for whether by laws or extermination the future enjoyment of these things will be limited. To turn to the brighter side, I have to record a bird new to our fauna (Phylloscopus fuscalus], the Dusky Warbler, which fortunately does not sound very attractive for hats — a specimen of which was captured in the Orkneys. Its usual habitat is the Eastern parts of Asia. The placing of numbered rings on birds' legs has produced two remarkable results, a swallow ringed in Ayrshire in July, 1912, having been captured in Orange River Colony on March 16th, 1913, and another ringed in Staffordshire having been taken in Natal in December. What can be the object of this immense journey ! Records of this sort are accumulat- ing and add greatly to our knowledge of migration, which was very speculative. To pass on to the mammalia it was stated many years ago by a high authority that the black buck living on a certain spit of sand in Orissa never drank water. A nearly similar case has now been pointed out in regard to a herd of gazelles living on a small island in Somaliland, where the annual rainfall is less than 3in. and pools of water are only to be found for a few days, even after a heavy shower. Doubtless this is made up for by succulent plants. The United States Government has provided a further tract of 15,000 acres for the encouragement of bison, which are increasing, and now number about 3000, a mere nothing compared to the former countless herds, but far better than the complete extinction which would have ensued had they not been preserved. More than 50 bird reservations have been established of late years in the United States, including the well-known pelican rookery in Florida. A recent interesting method of observing wild animals is by putting down attractive baits in the neighbourhood of self-
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acting cameras, which are at intervals illuminated by flash- light. The animals after a time are stated to take but little notice of the light, which it is suggested that they may regard as a form of lightning. It would be most exciting if these photographs were to reveal one of the unknown large animals which there is reason to believe still exist in the interior of Africa. Of four at least there are more or less graphic descrip- tions from eye-witnesses, both European and native ; but more than a passing sight has hitherto been wanting. The 9th Zoological Congress was held in March, 1913, at Monaco, where the Prince has founded an Oceanographical Museum for all matters connected with the ocean. Amongst other collections there is one of well-preserved deep-sea fishes, with, in each case, the original painting of the fish made immediately after capture. A new species of deep sea fish was described which was obtained from a depth of 6,035 metres — a greater depth than any at which a fish had been previously recorded. It will interest the members of the Dorset Field Club to know that one of their body, Lord Walsingham, represented Great Britain at the Congress. A young gorilla has been living in the Dublin Zoological Gardens since January. This species is a rarity in British Zoological Gardens, and it is believed that there is at present only one on the Continent, namely at Stuttgart, where it has lived for several years.
BOTANY AND AGRICULTURE.
The Botanical Section of the British Association was last year presided over by a lady, who gave a learned address on the subject of botanical embryology, to which I must refer those who wish to investigate the subject. Amongst the papers read in this Section, the one that seems most suitable for mention here is on the subject of Suceda fruticosa (shrubby sea blite) which the author considers the most effective stabiliser of all British shingle plants. This plant, a small shrub with narrow fleshy leaves, is common on the Chesil
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Beach, but does not grow upon the seaside, but on the shore of the Fleet backwater and on the Weymouth side of the parts of the beach between the Ferry Bridge and Portland, so that it has not here the opportunity of doing much towards stabilising or preventing movement of the shingle. I should myself have thought that, of the Chesil Beach plants, Atriplex portulacoides, growing as it does in large flat masses, would have had more effect than Suceda, but I am not acquainted with this plant elsewhere. The sterilising of soil is now carried on by many plant growers, and enables the same soil to be used over again for potting or otherwise, after being either heated or treated with an antiseptic. It is also said to greatly increase the productiveness of the soil. Those organisms which are harmful to the beneficial ammonia-producing bacilli are wholly or partially killed, whilst the bacilli, which I presume are mostly killed too, seem to return and thrive all the more until their enemies again increase, which takes a much longer period. Experiments on the growth of the hop shew that this is greatest from 3.0 p.m. to 9.0 p.m. and least from 9.0 p.m. to 3.0 a.m., the converse having been believed to be the case by the Kent growers. Attention is called to the action of seed-eating birds as weed dispersers, through so many seeds passing through them uninjured. I can confirm this in my own garden, specially as regards the bramble, seedlings of which appear yearly in great numbers under trees in which birds are much in the habit of sitting or roosting. Other weeds away from their parent plants are doubtless frequently due to this cause where the seeds have no special arrangement like dandelions for being carried by wind. Steps are being taken to extend the growth of flax, for which this country is suitable and which is much more valuable than some years ago. British tobacco on the other hand does not seem to find much favour, its quality at one large show being ex- pressively demonstrated in the remark that it was very suitable for fumigation ! Probably, however, it would be very dependent on our variable seasons. A National Botanic Garden has been established at Cape Town, and a very suitable
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site obtained with a considerable variety of ground, so that it is hoped that most of the South African plants can be successfully cultivated. The identification of different kinds of wood is an exceedingly difficult matter, except in a few cases, which fact I am led to allude to by the publication of a book on the Cabinet Timbers of Australia, which are said to be, as I have before understood, very beautiful and varied. More than 60 species are illustrated by colour photography, it is stated with great success. The recent issue of a book on Herbals, which ought to commend itself to both sides of our Club, causes me to remind you of a book much more closely connected with us, written by the Hon. Mrs. Evelyn Cecil, " A History of Gardening in England," which contains an immense amount of reliable and pleasantly-written infor- mation about these entertaining old books, as well as much else besides. We shall always remember her kindness and botanical lore on the occasion of our visit to Lytchett Heath in 1907.
GEOLOGY.
The last suggestion for calculating the age of the earth is the measurement of the amount of meteoric dust contained in the rocks, basing this on the amount of nickel. It is calculated that the earth gains 20,000 grams (about 451bs.) of cosmically derived nickel per square kilometre per annum, which sounds an improbably large amount, as it means some- thing like 1 grain per annum on each 3 square yards, but the actual calculation of the earth's age requires more data than are at present available. The calculation based on the in- crease in the proportion of lead to uranium in rocks as time goes on, the uranium changing slowly into lead, gives a very early date for the earliest sedimentary rocks of 1,300,000,000 years ago, about 4 times as much as some other methods. The observation of earthquakes, if the deductions may be relied upon, tends to throw light upon the constitution of the earth's interior. Earthquake waves from different distances travelling in a direct line to any observatory necessarily
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reach different depths below the surface, and notes on the quality and rates of motion of such waves would seem to show that a change in the nature of the earth's crust occurs at a depth of about 10 miles, with some indications of further changes at about 50 and 100 miles. But a still more definite change is noted at a depth of about 2,400 miles or rather more than half way to the centre, which suggests a greater fluidity of the substance below that point. At present we have no means of confirming this, and can only await further discover- ies. It is known to at least some of our members that an attempt has been made for a number of years to ascertain whether any movement was still going on between the two sides of the great Ridge way fault, but practically none has been detected. It is known that such movements are some- times caused by earthquakes, and have amounted to as much as 4 yards or so in a single earthquake. I am speaking, however, of such violent earthquakes as this country happily does not experience, such as the Calif ornian earthquake of 1906. A severe earthquake occurred in Peru on Nov. 7 last, and there have been several in Panama, but the canal has fortunately escaped injury. A dreadful eruption took place last January in the volcanic island of Sakurajami, 3743 feet high, with 3 apparently extinct craters. Beginning with loud rumblings and earthquake shocks and columns of steam and dust, 3 fissures opened, and a violent eruption took place, accompanied by earthquakes, a seismic wave, volcanic dust, streams of lava, and the blowing out of the side of the volcano. Immense damage was done, with much loss of life. This volcano had been at rest for 134 years, and tradition says that that eruption in 1779 was the first of importance since the formation of the volcano in A.D. 796. I should here mention the fact (though it might more properly belong to the Engineering section) that the crater of Vesuvius has been descended, and kinematographs taken showing the small erup- tions in progress. Hot springs and evidences of recent volcanic action have been discovered in Spitzbergen. The travertine b'asins formed round the springs contain a species of Chara
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and a moss and 12 species of algae new to the Arctic flora. Strata shewing the probable existence of a large post-glacial lake, about a square mile in extent, have been found at the mouth of the Tyne, in Northumberland, at an altitude of about 100 feet. These strata contain plant remains. Dis- coveries of petroleum of good quality have been made in Northern Argentina, which is important considering the great development in the use of this substance, which, one would think, was in danger of becoming exhausted whilst vast supplies of coal still remained. To turn to fossils, a portion of a wing of a giant dragon fly has been found in the Radstock coal measures, of such a size that the perfect insect must have had a span of something like 16 inches. It may, without an undue stretching of the imagination, be presumed that there were other insects of unusual size on which it preyed, if its habits were as rapacious as those of the dragonflies of the present day. A remarkable find has been made of the teeth of an antelope closely allied to the elands of S. Africa, in a Pleistocene cave-deposit in Maryland, U.S.A. As certain fossil teeth from India were also believed to be of this class of animal, it is suggested that it may have found its way to America in past times by the Behring Sea route. The Address of the President of the Geological Section of the British Association gave a survey of those fossil calcareous algae, which, by abstracting lime from sea water and depositing it, have played such an important part in the formation of calcareous rocks.
ASTRONOMY.
The extreme delicacy of much Astronomical work, involving the observation of faint stars, the long exposure of photographic plates, and many other methods, the accuracy of which would be affected by the slightest movement or vibration as well as by a variable density of the neighbouring atmosphere, is causing the removal of some of the great observatories from the precincts of towns to quieter spots.
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Berlin and Hamburg observatories have already taken this step, and Paris is meditating a move. Greenwich, so far, has put up with these troubles, and it is to be hoped that such a serious uprooting may be avoided. To show the difference between the present time and 20 — 30 years ago it may be mentioned that a hundredth of a second of arc can now be determined more accurately than a tenth of a second at the earlier period. These remarks are also borne out by the length of exposure, 38 hours 7 minutes, required in con- nection with researches on the spectra of spiral nebulae carried on lately at the Mount Wilson Observatory. These nebulae are found for the most part to exhibit the spectra of solar-type stars, but a small number give evidence of gaseous radiation. It is believed from certain observations that some nebulae are variable in their brightness ; but the matter is one of much delicacy, and the fact is not yet fully estab- lished. The last theory as to the cause of variability in some stars is that they are Ellipsoids, uniformly luminous and rotating. When the broad side is presented to us the light would necessarily be much greater than when the narrower end was pointing in our direction. This theory apparently accounts satisfactorily for the light changes observed ; and if an Ellipsoid of such a shape is sufficiently stable under such circumstances, it seems a more simple explanation than that of a light and dark body rotating round each other. In some variables, however, such as Algol, where the light becomes suddenly more feeble for a short time at regular intervals, we must fall back on a dark companion or large planet for explanation. It has been discovered by the comparison of photographs taken at different times that the bright and beautifully-coloured star Capella has a faint companion moving in connection with it at the great distance of 12' 3.3". Several meteors have been recorded in the past 12 months. Two large ones on June 14, one said to be larger than the moon, in the S. of Ireland, which travelled at least 490 miles, the other on the Eastern English Coast. One was observed from Bristol on Oct. 7. Another from Oxford with
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a coloured tail on Nov. 24. Another on Jan. 19 last from Reading and other places at 7.0 p.m., brighter than the full moon, which burst with a loud report and much vibration. One was actually observed to fall in Zululand on Aug. 1, 1912. It weighed 381bs., and consisted almost entirely of nickel- iron alloy. But the most extraordinary recent meteoric display was in America and Canada on Feb. 9, 1913, when three distinct groups of several meteors each passed over at intervals, following each other along the same path, each remaining in view for about 20 seconds, and in some cases finishing up with an explosion. The complete display lasted about three minutes, and there were about 30 bodies alto- gether, which came in sets of threes and fours, those in each set moving abreast of each other. By the time this wonderful procession had reached Bermuda most of the large leading bodies had disappeared, whilst the number of groups and trailers had increased. It would be a painful thing to have to give up the idea of the wonderful canals on Mars of which we have heard so much, and to which has been ascribed such extraordinary significance ; but everything has its day, and it is now suggested that recent observations tend to resolve them into disconnected knots of diffused shadings. How far this is accepted by astronomers I do not know, but it is accompanied by a statement that Mars is almost always in a frozen condition, and is therefore probably not inhabited at all. But it seems to me that, considering the great variety of man and animals found on even this our earth, it is by no means fair to assume that Mars cannot contain intelligent or other beings on account of the fact that its temperature approaches that of our Arctic regions, for even there life is by no means absent, as the Esquimaux manage to survive, and on Mars there may exist a far more hardy race. But whether we shall ever be able to do more than theorise is doubtful. Coming now to our earth and its satellite, it has been calculated that the brightness of the earth's albedo or earthshine is about 1-1 600th of that of the rest of the moon. Attempts which have lately been made to photograph the
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moon through coloured screens have shown the presence of a remarkable deposit round the crater of Aristarchus, which may be sulphur, which, if proved, would settle the question of the volcanic origin of these crater-like 'forms, which have been attributed to the impact of huge meteorites, though if this were the case why should our earth, with its greater powers of attraction, not present similar features ? A change, not at present explainable, was observed to take place early in 1913, in one of the lunar craters, Eimmart, which formerly at each lunation a white material seemed to fill and overflow. This phenomenon is no longer visible, and other differences have shown themselves, which in such an unchanging body as the moon are very striking. Some delicate observations undertaken to investigate the presence of radium in the chromosphere of the sun have shewn that radium and its emanation, neon, argon, krypton, and zenon, are all probably absent from the chromosphere. The latest theory of the formation of sunspots is that they are caused by the impact of pieces of Saturn's rings struck off by the Leonid meteors. This seems far-fetched, but like many other wild-sounding theories has some basis of support. The year 1913 has been marked by an absence of sunspots more striking than in any year since 1810 ; but as a large sunspot has lately been developed the minimum period would seem to be at an end. Preparations are being made for viewing the total solar eclipse of Aug. 21 next, visible from Norway. The next one visible from England will be in 1927, the last one seen from this country having been in 1724. It is satisfactory to learn that Canada will before long possess a very fine reflecting telescope, with a mirror of 6ft. in diameter.
METEOROLOGY.
It would be difficult and not so satisfactory to consider the weather for the past 12 months, starting backwards from May, as all the weather statistics are made up to the end of December. The mean temperature of 1913 was in excess of
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the average over the whole of the British Isles, the excess amounting in the Midlands and East of England to 2°, in spite of the fact that the summer was cool and sunless. The summer was also dry, and in most parts the amount of rain for the year was below the average, Ireland, however, having an excess of 5 per cent. The same statement also applies to the rainfall of the past winter. At the British Association Meeting the subject of the comparative departures from the normal temperature at the same time in different countries was brought forward, investigations having shewn that with regard to Egypt and S.W. England the abnormal heat in the latter in 1911 had been contemporaneous with an abnormally cool summer in Egypt. On comparing the returns for 34 years it was further found that the departures from the normal in the two countries were in opposite directions in all seasons, but the results were much more definite in the first and last quarters of the year. This discovery will doubtless produce definite results in the comparison of other countries as regards temperature, and advance our present very small knowledge of its laws. One of those destructive tornadoes which occasionally visit us and uproot trees, &c., in their path, which is fortunately a narrow one, occurred on a larger scale than is usual in this country, in S. Wales and in the later part of its course, in Cheshire, on Oct. 27th last. The width of the storm was about 200 yards, but along its course two men were blown away for considerable distances and killed, buildings were wrecked, trees uprooted, and great damage done. Egyptian statistics shew that during 45 years (1868 — 1912) only 180 thunderstorms, including all observations of even slight lightning, were recorded, and only 28 cases of hail or heavy rain. The forecasting of the weather is still unfortunately a very uncertain matter, and from comparisons with the actual state of things it has been deduced that not very much more than half of the forecasts are correct. Investigations of the upper air by means of balloons have altered our ideas about it almost as much as the discovery of radium has done about the temperature of
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the earth, and no doubt in course of time forecasting will improve ; but at present the influences which determine the weather seem very complicated and difficult to grasp. Observations of clouds at Epsom, continued for eight years at hourly intervals, shew that the commonest form of cloud is cumulus, which occurred on 1622 days, stratus coming next with 1155, as well as many other facts connected with clouds. It has been suggested that the presence of volcanic dust in the atmosphere is responsible for a diminution of the amount of the sun's heat reaching the earth, which seems to be borne out by the agreement in the past 150 years between eruptions and cold periods. A valuable contribution has been made to our knowledge of the Aurora by a series of simultaneous photographs of Aurorae at two stations about 17 miles apart, which will afford data for working out details as to their form, position, and altitude. The rate of movement of Greenland glaciers has been found to be from one to two metres per day. Both these and glaciers in Norway and North America seem to be retreating in position, as are many of those in the Alps, whilst most of those in the Pyrenees are advancing. The Grand Pacific Glacier in N. America has gone back the great distance of 25 kilometres in 33 years. Experiments continue to be made with regard to detecting the neighbourhood of icebergs, the most reliable method being the observation of the fall of air-temperature caused by them even when at a considerable distance. They rarely give an echo, and the temperature of the water near them is uncertain. A Government grant will probably be made this year for the purpose of research into this matter. An interesting book by our former V.-P., Dr. Vaughan Cornish, on Waves of Sand and Snow, has lately been published. We have to thank him for several valuable papers on this and kindred subjects, in our past volumes.
ELECTRICITY.
At the Berlin Meeting of the International Electrotechnical Commission, at which no less than 24 nations were
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represented, one of the most important points debated was that of nomenclature. It was decided that French should be the standard language, and that a vocabulary should contain the official equivalent words in French, English, German, and Spanish for electrical terms, difficulties having arisen in practice, especially in Spanish. An International Com- mission has been appointed to make experiments on the propagation of electric waves, the station at Brussels being used as a centre. The effects and causes of natural electric waves are also to be investigated. Another case of the value of wireless telegraphy as a means of life saving was provided by the steamship Volturno, which was burnt at sea in October last, when 10 steamers responded to the call for help and saved all on board who were still alive. The effect of oil in calming the raging sea was also strikingly demonstrated, one of the steamers having a cargo of oil which, when thrown on the water, enabled small boats to reach the burning ship, though a violent gale was blowing.
CHEMISTRY.
Much discussion took place at the last British Association Meeting on the subject of the nature of the Atom, it being supposed to be in one case a minute nucleus surrounded by electrons. The chemical analysis of matter was also greatly to the fore, ideas on the subject having been so much affected by the discoveries in connection with radium and its changes and emanations. The President of the Chemical section says "The common origin of all elementary substances is now an accepted theory " — though I think that such words to the ordinary observer would be a little disappointing when he found that the desires of the old alchemists had not advanced much nearer fulfilment than when they devoted their lives to the transmutation of other substances into gold. He also in his Address throws out a warning to those who, because certain vital products can be produced by chemical processes, jump to the conclusion that all chemical changes in living substances are brought about
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by ordinary chemical forces. He points out that we are far from being able to reproduce such products by means similar to the vital ones, and until we have some definite knowledge of how the vital processes are carried on and can imitate them in our laboratories we have not much ground to go upon. The National Physical Laboratory is now in possession of a British Radium Standard, and is prepared to standardise preparations of radium and mesothorium. The chief source of radium is the mineral carnotite, from Colorado, and, the process of extraction having been improved, more can be obtained per ton of ore. It has been found that the percentage of radium in accessible rocks is much more than enough to sustain the earth at its present temperature, were it to be as abundant through its whole mass. In order, there- fore, that the earth may be kept at its present heat it seems necessary to assume that the bulk of the radium it contains is concentrated near its surface. Remarkable results have taken place by passing X-rays through zinc -blende and other crystals, the issuing rays, when received on a photographic plate, recording a geometrical pattern of spots, which, by placing photographic plates at different distances, are shewn to be formed by rectilinear pencils of rays spreading in all directions from the crystal. These appear to be the reflections of the X-rays from the similar and similarly situated planes of atoms composing the crystal, in other words the planes of the space lattice. It is considered as more likely that the reflections come from the sides of one set of atoms composing the molecules of the crystalline substance than from the sides of the actual molecules, and that much may be learnt from these experiments of the atomic structure, and perhaps even of the size and other details of the atoms themselves, and that it forms a new departure in our knowledge in this respect.
ENGINEERING.
The development of aeroplanes is still continuing, and is perhaps most strikingly seen in the wonderful feats accom- plished by certain aviators which are so much before the
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public. The accidents are said to be less numerous, but are sufficiently so to class aviation still as a very hazardous pursuit. Some advance has been made towards automatic controls which keep the aeroplane stable and prevent the upsetting effects of unexpected currents of air, bub there appears still much to be desired. There seems to be much difficulty in the satisfactory application of mathematics to the science of aeroplane stability, and what has been accom- plished in this respect has been chiefly the result of experi- ment. A new record of height has been established, a French aviator having reached an altitude of 20,300 feet. The International Conference on the Safety of Life at Sea, instituted in consequence of the loss of the Titanic, lays special stress on three points — namely, a service for the observation of icebergs, wireless telegraphy on ships above a certain size, and an adequate supply of lifeboats, with con- venient means of launching them on either side of the ship. Some interesting experiments made on the reciprocal attrac- tion of two ships passing near to each other, show that this constitutes a very appreciable source of danger, as the tendency to collision is considerable, especially when the speed is low. Great trouble has been experienced from the ravages of the Teredo in Auckland Harbour, New Zealand, many kinds of wood having been tried without any success. Now the remedy has been found in ferro -concrete, which is unaffected by any boring animal. The largest turbo- generator yet made has been built at Newcastle-on-Tyne for Chicago, and gives excellent results. The President of the Engineering Section of the British Association dealt chiefly in his Address with the Electrification of Railways, which he advocated, giving many details of cases in which it had been adopted.
GEOGRAPHY.
The subject of Geography is a most comprehensive one ; but, as a matter of fact, most of the items which might be treated of under it fall more naturally into
PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. Ixxvii.
other sections, so that what remains is but little, and that, now-a-days, chiefly in connection with the Arctic and, more especially, Antarctic expeditions, which have of late been so numerous and borne so much fruit. Now that the Poles have both been reached, some of the romance of these has vanished ; but there is still much to learn, and most of our globe is getting so well known and mapped that no great geographical discoveries are possible. A new piece of Arctic land has been discovered by some Russian ships north of Siberia, consisting of a coast of about 200 miles in extent. The Mawson Antarctic Expedition has returned with much scientific information about those regions, gained, unfortunately, at the expense of a tragedy somewhat similar to that of Captain Scott and his companions, but in which the leader was spared. Two more expeditions are starting, one under Sir Ernest Shackle ton, the other under Mr. Foster Stackhouse. Of other expeditions, the Yale one to Peru has thrown light on that remarkable people, the Incas, who formerly inhabited it. The city indicated in their national legends as their original home has, it is believed, been identified, and the wonderful masonry of the temples, the cemeteries, and the pottery and bronzes found in them are described in the report. In Brazil, again, a large area of unknown country has been mapped. In the Himalayas a height of 24,600 feet has been reached, the highest yet attained by man — a feat showing great energy and endurance. Accounts of various other travels are given in the Geographical Section of the British Association, and its President dwelt upon the prospects of the food and other supplies for future generations when the earth's population should have increased and multiplied, and the amount of unoccupied land should be comparatively small. An increasing population is generally supposed to be an advantage to a country, but there is another side to the question, and it certainly seems to me to be not without its disadvantages. The people who, on the other hand, decrease in numbers and tend to die out are certain native races who come under
Ixxviii. PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.
white men's influence, such as the Australians and neighbour- ing nations. The Andaman Islanders appear to have suffered in this way, as their numbers in two groups of islands are now reduced to 455 out of about 3,500 in 1858, when British occupation began. Those by whom civilisation has not yet been adopted, however, still survive and flourish.
ANTHROPOLOGY AND ARCHEOLOGY.
The excavations at Maumbury Rings being now finished, the Earthworks Committee of our Club proposes this year to turn its attention to the Dewlish Elephant Trench, a great part of which was explored in 1888 by our late President, Mr. Mansel-Pleydell, whose finds of tusks and other portions of Elephas meridionalis, a gigantic elephant standing 17 feet high, are in our Dorset Museum. [See Proc. D.F.C. X., 1.] This proposal originated from a suggestion that the trench was of artificial formation and made by prehistoric man as a trap to catch elephants ; but the evidence of this is so far confined, I believe, to the finding of a few so-called eoliths, which may or may not be of natural formation and could have but little weight in deciding the question. Geologically, doubtless, the excavation will prove of interest. To revert to Maumbury, one of the results that seemed to me of most importance was shewn in last year's work by the discovery that on the East side, just inside the bank, was a series of prehistoric pits, similar and similarly placed to those previously discovered under the opposite bank. The natural and almost unavoidable conclusion is that the present banks, or rather others on which these were raised, were made in con- nection with the pits. As to what the connection was, and what was the exact object of the pits, it is difficult to say. The theory that they were excavations for the purpose of obtaining flints seems to me insufficient on account of their number and regular formation, when one ordinary quarry would have afforded a much larger supply of flints with far less work. The theory of storage or hiding places appears
PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. Ixxix.
to me more probable. Excavations have been carried on in many places. In Egypt a 1st dynasty cemetery at Tar khan has been examined, and is considered to prove the presence there of the conquering tribe of Egypt who eventually founded Memphis, who appear to have been slightly shorter than the native population. At Meroe more Roman objects have been found, showing a probable occupation by their troops. At Abydos a large reservoir has been found and two gigantic colonnades leading into a great hall, which appears from inscriptions to be the celebrated tomb of Osiris. On the Palatine Hill at Rome has been discovered the famous Mundus supposed to lead to the infernal regions. The pit is covered by a square roughly hewn slab of tufa, pierced by two holes. In Guatemala a series of temples has been brought to light, containing many carvings and hieroglyphs of at present unknown interpretation. At Carchemish and else- where works have also been carried on. At Pompeii the remains of the ancient harbour have been found, about 1,300 yards from the present seashore, covered with a layer 23 feet deep. In Ionia a remarkable collection of ancient Greek surgical instruments has been discovered, all of bronze, except two of steel. The collection is to go to an American Museum. Nearer home, excavations in the shell-mounds of the Scotch Island of Oransay have produced numerous early bone and horn implements, and at Cor bridge a large find of Roman articles has been made — pottery altars, a bronze pig containing gold coins, and many other things. From an Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Hornsea a series of bronze brooches similar to ones found in Norway, a bell, and food vases without any ornamentation were obtained, and are now in the Hull Museum. In Kinkell Cave, near St. Andrews, a slab of red sandstone with incised crosses is considered by the excavators to be one of our earliest Christian relics. A discovery of pigmy flints of various forms has been made in Scotland near the junction of the Feugh with the river Dee. A flint work- shop floor containing numerous hammer-stones, cores, worked flints, flakes, pot boilers, fragments of pottery and animal bones
Ixxx.
has been found at Ipswich. Also in Suffolk, flints stated to be humanly worked, with barnacles of the Red Crag Sea attached to them, have been excavated from the base-beds of the Crag. Excavations and other investigations in France have tended to prove that different types of Palaeolithic implements occur in succession in the same order at different places, and show their gradual development from an early form to the latest. Recently, excavations in Kent have shown a similar succession of types from the Strepy in the lowest stratum through Chellean, Chelleaii evolue, St. Acheul, Solutre, and Le Moustier, forming a similar sequence to that of the Somme Valley. The subject of worked flints is a difficult one, as many of the forms are doubtless produced by natural causes and are probably even harder to distinguish from the ancient artificial ones than some modern imitations of antique china and glass are to tell from the really old specimens. Under these circumstances little reliance can be placed on them as evidence unless the traces of human manufacture are clear and indisputable. Much further discussion has taken place as to the shape of skull which the Piltdown fragments represent and as to its age, about which opinions differ widely. It also seems doubtful if the Galley Hill and Ipswich skeletons are nearly so old as they have been represented, the evidence being unconvincing. It is improbable that any really early human remains have yet been found in S. America, and I believe that none have been discovered in S. Africa, though quantities of Palaeolithic implements have occurred in the latter country. A discovery of what may be an ancient skeleton has lately, however, been made in German E.Africa, the man being stated to have had 36 teeth, some of which were filed, a curious habit for a very early race, and one which throws a little doubt on its supposed age. What is believed to be the earliest known drawing of a human figure has been found engraved on a mammoth bone in the upper Aurignacian layer near Poucin, in France, and numerous paintings in red have been found on rocks in caves in Spain, some shewing men hunting the stag. An apparently
PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. Ixxxi.
Palaeolithic engraving of the fore part of a horse on a fragment of rib has been found near Sherborne in an old mound of debris from a quarry, the only other similar British specimen having come from the Creswell caves. The specimen is, 1 believe, in the Sherborne School Museum, and has been described by our Hon. Member, Dr. A. Smith- Woodward. On the evidence of certain beads now in the Devizes Museum, and pronounced to be Egyptian of about the 14th Century, B.C., the erection of Stonehenge is ascribed to that period. This agrees fairly well with other available evidence. In this section I would note the purchase of Maiden Castle by the Duchy of Cornwall. Above all things it is important that this magnificent camp should be preserved, as far as possible, in its original condition, and we all, I am sure, trust this will be done under its present ownership. I also wish to call attention to two books of great interest to our Antiquarian Members lately published on Dorset, one " The History of Beaminster,': by our Member, Mr. Richard Hine ; the other, " The Ancient Earthworks of Cranbourne Chase," by Mr. Hey wood Sumner, whose kindness and hospitality as our guide to the New Forest Potteries last year we shall all remember.
GENERAL.
The Society for the Promotion of Nature Reserves has lately been formed in this country for the purpose of acquiring and preserving in a wild state suitable pieces of land. Of these there are many in Dorset which still afford shelter to certain plants and animals which anything approaching cultivation would destroy. Even such an unattractive patch as the Chesil Beach, between the Ferry Bridge and Portland, contains species not found elsewhere in England, and this in spite of the fact that a road runs along the middle of it ; but there are also many much more beautiful spots well worthy of preservation. In Germany since 1907 there has been a State department for this purpose, and many tracts have been preserved in this way to the great advantage
Ixxxii. PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.
of both the present nation and posterity. At the British Association Meeting the Education Section discussed a variety of points connected with that subject, amongst others the advantages of making museums more educational. I think myself that the first duty of a Museum such as ours, is to collect and preserve what might otherwise be lost, and the second to exhibit what it has in such a way that its visitors may learn as much as possible about each object. Spelling reform, by which I presume is meant phonetic spelling, seemed to find some favour ; but I cannot under- stand how any educated person can bear the sight of it ! We should have no clue to the meaning of the many unfamiliar words we so often now meet with. One thing has struck me very forcibly of late years, and is, I believe, a direct result of over-education and general civilization. It is that now no one (with few exceptions) is able to do anything for him or her self, but must go to a professional for it. If people were less educated and more self-supporting I am sure that the general comfort and happiness would be vastly increased, and there would be less of that restless spirit which is always wanting some new excitement. I also think that they would have more general useful know- ledge than they appear to have under the present system. I am by no means against education, but I think that for one thing the future walk in life of the pupil is not sufficiently considered, and too many things are taught indiscriminately to all. The President of the Education Section of the British Association, at the beginning of his masterly address, mentions the fact that we are now spending £34,000,000 per annum on education, and says " it appears difficult to find distinct evidence of improvement in any way commensurate with the sacrifices which have been made." Anyone who is interested in this subject should read the whole Address. I have been speaking, of course, of general education. Higher Education for those who have shewn themselves fitted for it is a different matter, and must be kept at a high level in order that the knowledge of the world may be preserved and
PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. Ixxxiii.
utilised. Educational and civilizing methods as practised by the Japanese in Formosa would, I fear, not be tolerated here, though they might sometimes be useful. The Aborigines are enclosed in a highly-electrified wire fence 300 miles long, which kills any who touch it. Any native wishing to submit is handed over to the authorities to be civilized and educated ; but the details of the process must be left to the imagination, as I am ignorant of them. The Metric system is spreading in the world, and some small steps towards it have been taken in this country. It has undoubted advantages for convenience of calculation, but the change would be difficult. Last year, for the first time, a separate sub-section of Psychology was formed at the British Association Meeting, and attracted a large number of auditors. It was also touched upon by the President of the Association in his Address, but the subjects dealt with in the various papers do not seem to have gone outside matters connected with the working of the human and animal minds, little, if any, of what is generally known as spiritualism being contained in them. It has been the habit of the British Association of late years to hold its meetings occasionally in some of our Colonies, such as Canada and South Africa. This year for the first time it has been decided that it should visit Australia, and thus do its share in realizing the union of the British Empire even in its most distant shores.
m
Bussei
A Memoir by E. R. SYKES.
the death of Alfred Russel Wallace the last link with the great workers on evolution, whose names adorn the mid-nineteenth century, is broken. One by one, Darwin, Hooker, Huxley, &c., they have passed away, and now death has taken from us the last, and one of the greatest.
We, of the Dorset Field Club, have a special interest in Wallace ; he was an Ordinary Member of the Club for some years, and in 1909 became one of our Honorary Members ; to many of us he was personally known, and not a mere abstract personality.
Born on January 8th, 1823, at Usk, in Monmouthshire, he was educated at Hertford Grammar School, and for a short time assisted his brother as a land surveyor. Later, he became a schoolmaster at Leicester, and there, about 1845, he became friends with H. W. Bates, whose works on the Amazon Region are so well known. This was a turning point in his career for, in 1848, he and Bates, both already keen students of nature, went out together to study and collect animals and plants in South America. After a short time they separated, and Wallace spent four years in the country, exploring the Rio Negro. Unfortunately the bulk of his collection was lost, owing to fire on the ship by which he returned home. In 1854 he started on his classic expedition
ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE. IxXXV.
to the Malay Archipelago, then but little known ; this lasted no less than eight years, and he brought back the vast store of over 125,000 specimens. On the materials so collected and his geographical studies were based his '* Island Life " and '' Geographical Distribution of Animals," while we may also note his discovery of what has been called l( Wallace's line," dividing the Archipelago into two distinct regions, with entirely different faunas.
We may now turn to his epoch-making work, by which the name of Wallace will ever be remembered. While still in the Malay Archipelago he sent home to Darwin his essay '* On the tendency of varieties to depart indefinitely from the original type," which, to the latter's amazement, proved to be in theory and reasoning precisely similar to the great work on which he himself was then engaged. It was eventually arranged that a joint paper by Darwin and Wallace should be read at the Linnsean Society, and in 1858 this was done. After a stormy controversy the great theory of the survival of the fittest has met with universal acceptation, and the foundation-stone of modern biology stands firm and secure. To us of the present day it is hard to realise that what has been well called one of the driving forces of the world, and which seems to us but a simple truth, should have been found so hard to accept. Incidentally, we gain some insight into the working of Wallace's mind, into which, after a long period of, no doubt, unconscious preparation, decisions flashed. The above conclusions came upon him suddenly, and we know that he said of himself " I am a believer in inspir- ation. All my best theories have come to me suddenly."
Characteristic of his enquiring mind was it, that he never considered the details of the theory as finally settled. He was far from accepting the whole of the " Origin of Species " verbatim, and, in later years, he endorsed the somewhat diverging views of Weissman. Finally, in his " World of Life," he expressed his disagreement with the view attributed to Darwin, that man, like all other animals, has been produced by the unaided operation of natural selection.
IxXXVi. ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE.
From this time onwards Wallace occupied his rightful position as one of the leaders of scientific thought ; slowly, but steadily, recognition and honours poured in upon him ; and he held his place till death, on November 7th, 1913, in his ninety-first year, removed him from amongst us.
It is impossible in a brief memoir like the present to give any real survey of Wallace's scientific or other work. An author who dealt with such widely-sundered subjects as Island Faunas and Spiritualism, the theory of evolution and State ownership of land, is not to be summarised in a few para- graphs. For a moment we may turn to his " Island Life," a summary it may be said, but a summary welded by a master hand. Here, after a brief essay on distribution, he points out that the key must be sought in evolution ; and after dealing with glacial epochs and changes of climate, he gives a detailed survey of the fauna and flora so far as known, the result being a book of great value, not only to the specialist, but also to the general reader. In his '' Malay Archipelago," again, we find most valuable observations, not only on the animals and plants, but also on the native races and their history ; and that he risked many dangers in the cause of science, the mere account of his voyage from Waigiou to Ternate, in 1860, is sufficient to show.
The influences which lead men to become what they are, though often apparently small in themselves, afford an inter- esting study. In the case of Wallace, his taste, already slightly developed, for zoology and botany, no doubt received a great stimulus from his friendship with Bates. This association largely led to the first expedition to South America, and, gradu- ally, the collector became the master mind, using his collections in the way they should be used — as materials for study.
To take another instance, his views on the State ownership of land may be traced to his association with his elder brother, a surveyor, and to the experience this gave him.
Patient, industrious, broad-minded, with wonderful powers of concentration, the world has lost a great naturalist and philosopher.
^^^s^^^^^^^^
•b
DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.
PL. A. Portraits of Philip and Joan.
( Fig. 1. Porcelain Bowl in silver-gilt strap -mounting. " B' I „ 2. Inside view of Bowl. „ c. Iron Chest — front and back views, , D. Cedar Chest.
Eeft bp P)ilip ant) jfaan of Castile in 1506
at Mtolfetmi anli |3reserbeti in ttje
By Rev. 0. PICKARD-CAMBRIDGE, M.A., F.R.S., C.M.Z.S.,
&c.
(PLATES A, B, C, D.)
!HE coming of Philip Archduke of Austria and King of Castile with Joanna his wife, eldest daughter of Ferdinand King of Aragon and Isabella Queen of Castile, to Weymouth in the year 1505 is a matter of English history. Their appearance at Weymouth was at once brought to the notice of Sir Thomas Trenchard of Wolfeton, the High Sheriff of the County of Dorset, by the Weymouth authorities, who were naturally alarmed by the appearance off their port of a Spanish Fleet of 80 ships. Sir Thomas Trenchard seems to have immediately put himself in com- munication with the Government Authorities ki London, and himself became the host at Wolfeton of Philip and Joan,
2 RELICS LEFT BY PHILIP AND JOAN OF CASTILE.
both as eminent personages really in distress, and who afterwards continued to be his guests for a prolonged period at the instance of the English Government. Thus it was that King Philip and his Queen Joanna with all their retinue were in residence at Wolfeton House for a considerable time, and would necessarily be accompanied by much baggage and other impedimenta. They were also, evidently, unable to speak English, and a relative of Sir Thomas Trenchard's (Mr. Russell, of Kingston Russell, Dorset), who had lived in Spain and was conversant with the Spanish language, became then a guest also at Wolfeton, and acted as an interpreter. Mr. Russell afterwards accompanied Philip and Joan to the Court of the reigning King of England (Henry VII.), in London, and there laid the foundation of the existing House of Bedford. All this, however, is a matter of English History, and it is not my purpose to go further into it here. We have information on all the above in Hutchins' History of Dorset (3rd Edition, Vol. II., pp. 421, 780, 781, also Vol. III., pp. 329, 330). My object in the present paper is simply to bring together in a connected form a short account of the still existing proofs of Sir Thomas Trenchard having been a kind and honoured host to Philip and Joan, by their presentation to him, on their departure to the Court of Henry VII., or shortly after, of their Portraits and two valuable specimens of Oriental Chinese Pottery. In addition to these, their Majesties left behind them various articles of baggage, which had, doubtless, become useless to them and so mere impedimenta, such as some Iron Chests (in which their money and other valuables had been contained) and Wooden Chests containing probably linen and clothes and other articles needed in a voyage such as that in which the King and Queen had been interrupted. Some of these chests were perhaps left by them at Weymouth ; but it is most probable that all, or nearly all, went to, and remained at, Wolfeton House. Hence it is quite possible that some may have found their way into the possession of other persons ; but at any rate some of them, if not all, remained at Wolfeton House and
RELICS LEFT BY PHILIP AND JOAN OF CASTILE. 3
have come down to their present possessors in an unbroken line from Sir Thomas Trenchard through John Trenchard, of Newton House, Sturminster Marshall, Poxwell, and Ringstead, Dorset, by whom they were left, or the greater part of them, including the Portraits and Chinese Bowls, to the late John Trenchard Trenchard, of Poxwell and Ringstead, and Greenhill House, Wey mouth.
The relics above alluded to and which I propose to describe and figure are — i., Portraits of the King Philip and Queen Joanna ; ii., Two Chinese Oriental Porcelain Bowls ; iii., Two Massive Iron Chests ; and iv., One Large Cedar Chest.
The Portraits measure 19 J inches square to the outside of the frames. Engravings were made from them in 1801 by an eminent portrait painter and engraver (C. Bestland) at the instance of John Trenchard of Newton House, Sturminster Marshall, and were intended, as I have understood, to illustrate the account in Hutchins' History of Dorset of their Majesties' visit to Wolfeton. Much, and in some respects unfavourable, criticism has been made by some members of the family in regard to the rendering of the portraits by Bestland, and it is believed that their rendering in the present paper, from the good photographs now exhibited, is more accurate and a manifest improvement. As to the artistic value of the portraits I am not qualified to speak. The ornament round the King's neck represents the English Order of the Garter, conferred upon him by King Henry the VII., and was worn by Philip, when the portrait was painted, in compliment to Sir Thomas Trenchard. The portraits were most certainly, as Bestland remarks, painted at the time of the King and Queen's visit to Wolfeton, and expressly for the purpose of showing their Majesties' deep sense of gratitude and approval of the treatment shewn them by Sir Thomas Trenchard while at Wolfeton. I am not sure that anything is known as to the artist by whom these portraits were painted, but presumably it must have been by some Spanish painter.
4 RELICS LEFT BY PHILIP AND JOAN OF CASTILE.
The next objects I would mention are the two Oriental Chinese Porcelain Bowls, one of which is enclosed in a hand- some silver-gilt mount of strap-work, 'bearing London hall marks inside, dated 1549. This date being over 40 years subsequent to their presentation to Sir Thomas Trenchard shews that the mounting must have been added by the Trenchards, long perhaps after the bowls came into their possession, and no doubt it was added to do honour to Philip and Joan's gift. The bowls themselves are of ordinary shape and appearance, 7 or 8 inches in diameter ; and one of them (the one mounted in the strap-work mentioned) is considered by experts to be the better one of the two . They are said to belong to the middle of the Chinese " Ming Dynasty," or possibly earlier, i.e., 1465-1488 A.D, and are of blue and white ware, decorated with flowers, and inside are repre- sented four fish swimming round another fish enclosed in a circle in the centre. Nothing appears to be known of the silver-gilt mounting, nor have I ever heard any explanation of its details. A figure of the bowl is given by Mr. W. G. Gulland in Vol. II. of " Chinese Pottery," second edition, 1902, p. 277, figs. 486, 487. This figure, however, was engraved from a very inferior photograph, and gives no clear representation of its details. The figures given in the present paper are much more accurate in their details, especially of the strap-mounting. A figure of the bowl is also given by Mr. Sydney Heath and Mr. W. de C. Prideaux in " Some Dorset Manor Houses," 1907, facing p. 38. But this figure, engraved from the same above-mentioned inferior photo- graph, also shows its imperfections. It may be mentioned here that the silver-gilt mounting of the bowl is said to be in the " Renaissance style " of the date which it bears, being thus as before observed many years subsequent to the gift of it by Philip and Joan to Sir Thomas Trenchard, and to have nothing Moorish in its character. The above two portraits and the bowls are in the possession of Mrs. F. G. A. Lane, of Bloxworth House, daughter of the late Colonel Jocelyn Pickard-Cambridge and grand-daughter of the late
Plate B. Proc. Dorset, N. H.&A.F. Club, Vol. XXX V.
FIG. 1
FIG. 2.
CHINA BOWL.
H M
w £ u
RELICS LEFT BY PHILIP AND JOAN OF CASTILE. 5
Rev. George Pickard-Cambridge, of Bloxworth House and Rector of Bloxworth.*
Passing on to the two Iron chests, the rather larger one measures 2ft. 3in. in length, 1ft. Sin. in width, and 1ft. Sin. in depth ; it is very massive, and its structure can easily be seen from the very accurate photograph exhibited, quite precluding the necessity of a technical description, even if I were qualified to give it. One of the views given of it shews the work on the front and on the inside of the lid ; the other view shews the outside of the back and lid. The original key is also given very accurately, and is six inches in length. The apparent keyhole in the front is a sham, the real one being at the middle of the lid. This chest, formerly in the possession of the late John Trenchard Trenchard, of Poxwell and Greenhill House, Weymouth, has from him come now into the possession of his great nephew, Jocelyn Pickard, R.E., and -only son of the late Rev. Henry Adair Pickard, M.A., of Airedale, Oxford.
The other chest mentioned measures in length 2ft. 5in., its width is 1ft. 4Jin., and depth 1ft. 3Jin., and, although differing somewhat in several points of detail from the above described, bears an unmistakable family resemblance to it. I am unable to give a figure of this chest. It was formerly in my own possession, having come to me from my late father (the Rev. George Pickard-Cambridge, of Bloxworth House). He received it from John Trenchard, before mentioned, of Newton House, Stur minster Marshall (from whom also the one I have already described was received by
* In Gulland's work (above referred to) Vol. II., p.p. 271, 278, Fig. 488, a Chinese Porcelain Bowl in the possession of New College, Oxford, is described and figured under the name of " The Warham Bowl." This bowl is much smaller than the " Trenchard " one, and has a quite different silver-gilt setting from the *' Trenchard Bowl." Whether this last or the Warham Bowl can claim to be the earliest known piece of Chinese Porcelain brought into England is uncertain. On this point Gulland says, p. 278, it is " a matter of opinion and fortunately of no consequence," to which I quite agree.
6 EELICS LEFT BY PHILIP AND JOAN OF CASTILE.
my father's brother, John Trenchard Trenchard, of Greenhill House, Wey mouth). This second chest was afterwards sold by auction by my late brother (Colonel Jocelyn Pickard- Cambridge) at Weymouth, without my knowledge, and was subsequently presented by the Weymouth Town Council to the late Sir Richard Howard, by whom it was bequeathed at his decease to that same body, and is now in the Municipal Offices at Weymouth.
To pass on now to the Wooden chest, of which a photograph is exhibited ; this is made of massive cedar wood ; it measures 5ft. 9in. in length, 2ft. lin. in width, and Ift. Sin. in depth ; and has its front side ornamented, as is well shown in the photograph, by bold Moorish engraved scroll-work. This chest came to my late father (the Rev. George Pickard-Cambridge), along with the second iron one above mentioned, from John Trenchard, of Newton House, and from my father it came to me, and in my possession it still remains. The tradition handed down with it is that it was one in which Philip and Joan brought their linen and such like effects to Wolfeton House, and was left there when they departed to the Court of Henry VII. My father being, I must confess, more moved by utilitarian than antiquarian ideas, simply made use of it as a corn bin. Since it came into my hands, however, it has been promoted to a higher sphere, and occupies an honoured position on a musical platform in my house, and contains much orchestral and other music, and such like.
Having now described those relics, whose descent from Philip and Joan are undoubted, I will only add a few words as to some other chests (both iron and wooden) which may possibly have the same source, but in respect to which there is not any clue or record, or history, that I have been able to ascertain. The first I will notice is an iron chest of a distinctly similar family character in the Guildhall at Weymouth, and which, so far as I have understood, has been there from time immemorial ; but I have not succeeded in finding out whether or no the archives of the Guildhall contain any record relating
a 3
I
RELICS LEFT BY PHILIP AND JOAN OF CASTILE. 7
to it. The next is an iron chest in the possession of Mr. C. S. Prideaux, of Dorchester, and another belonging to Mr. E. H. A. Mackley of Vermont, Dean Park, Bournemouth. Both of these, I understand, bear a close resemblance to the undoubted Philip and Joan chests ; but they are wanting in regard to any authentic record to connect them with the visit of Philip and Joan to Wolfeton. Respecting possible wooden chests in other hands, I was informed some time ago that there was in the possession of the landlord of the Bath Hotel, at Bournemouth, a chest which my informant told me was very like in appearance, if not identical, with the one in my possession above described ; but I have had no opportunity of verifying this, nor of hearing what is its history. Our President has also told me that he has himself a chest of somewhat similar character to that which I have described, but smaller ; and that it hails from an old Dorset house. It does not, however, appear to have any history attached to it. It may very possibly be a Philip and Joan relic, though lacking any known connection with the visit to Wolfeton.
The account I have given of those relics to which there attaches an undoubted authenticity is, of course, of most interest to my family, who have directly descended from Sir Thomas Trenchard ; but it is also, I think, of real and great interest as a matter connected with the stirring English History of those days, and is thus well brought within the scope of our " Natural History and Antiquarian Field Club " Meetings and its " Proceedings."
Cljatnei anli
in Dorset
By the Rev. Canon J. M. J. FLETCHER, M.A. and R.D.
TT is perhaps scarcely to be wondered at that many of the earliest repositories of books were connected with religious establish- ments ; partly because the priests were the educated class, but also because the temple and its precincts seemed to offer greater security for their safe custody than would be the case with the majority of secular buildings.
In Christian times, Community life naturally led to the gathering together of books ; and, almost from the first, strict rules were promulgated for their use and preservation. St. Benedict, who lived from about the year 480 until 543, may be regarded as the father of Western Monasticism. He was especially instrumental in encouraging the study of books ; and the great Benedictine Order, which he founded in 529, and to which many of our English Monastic Com- munities belonged, or from which they were derived, enforced the habit of reading, and, as a consequence, led to the
CHAINED BOOKS IN DORSET AND ELSEWHERE. 9
production as well as to the preservation of books. The time of his monks was divided into periods of prayer, of mental study, and of manual labour. " Idleness," he wrote, in the 48th chapter of his rule, " is the enemy of the soul. Hence, brethren ought, at certain seasons, to occupy themselves with manual labour, and again at certain seasons with holy reading." From Easter until the end of September, they were to apply themselves to reading from the fourth until the sixth hour. From October until the beginning of Lent they were to study until the second hour. And during Lent they were to read until the third hour. — a book being then entrusted to them which they were to read straight through.
The labour bestowed upon the production of a book, when each copy must needs be carefully written by hand, together with the costliness of the material (vellum, or some other form of parchment) of which they were usually composed, apart from the value of the subject matter, or in some cases of the associations, would account for the care which was bestowed upon their safe custody. Sometimes it was an inflexible rule that no books were to be lent outside the Monastery at all. In other cases they might not be lent without the receipt of volumes of at least an equivalent value as a pledge. Occasionally a terrible imprecation was annexed against such as should remove a book without intending to return it, e.g.
" Ut si quis eum (librum) de monasterio aliquo ingenio non rediturus abstraxerit, cum Juda proditore, Anna, et Caipha, portionem aeternae damnationis accipiat. Amen, amen. Fiat, fiat."
The use of chains was of course to ensure the safe custody of the volumes to which they were attached. The period during which books were chained, for more or less public study, may be said to have lasted from the early part of the thirteenth century until late in the eighteenth century. The first mention of chained books, so far as I am aware, dates back to the early part of the thirteenth century, when
10 CHAINED BOOKS IN DORSET AND ELSEWHERE.
* Roger L'Isle, Dean of York, " bestowed several exemplars of the Holy Bible to be used by the scholars of Oxford under a pledge ; and these books, with others, were locked up in chests or chained upon desks in St. Mary's Chancel and Church, to be used by the Masters upon leave first obtained." During the fourteenth and following centuries we constantly read of books being secured by chains at the Universities, as well as in Cathedrals and in parish churches. Indeed, at Oxford, there was an early statute which enacted that every book which was presented to the University Library should be chained within twelve days after it had been received.
By the statutes of my own College in Oxford (University College), which date back to 1292, it was enacted that " no fellow shall alienate, sell, pawn, hire, lett, or grant any House, Rent, Money, Book, or other Thing, without the consent of all the fellows." And, again, " Every Book of the House, now given, or hereafter to be given, shall have a high value set upon it when it is borrowed, in order that he that has it may be more fearful lest he lose it ; and let it be lent by an Indenture, whereof one part is to be kept in the common Chest, and the other with him that has the Book ; and let no Book belonging to the House be lent out of the College without a Pawn, better (than the book), and this with the consent of all the Fellows."
Both at Oxford and at Cambridge, the Statutes of the various Colleges contained most stringent regulations with regard to the custody of books. They were regarded as " the most precious treasure of scholars, concerning which there ought to be the most diligent care and forethought, lest they fall into decay or be lost." They were classed with the College Charters and Muniments. At Oriel, for example, books might be borrowed for a year by members of the foundation. But if any book was lost, the full value was to be paid. If the production or restitution of any volume was
* Roger de Insula (or De L'Isle) was Dean of York in 1221 and in 1226. He died in 1235. (Le Neve.)
CHAINED BOOKS IN DORSET AND ELSEWHERE. 11
wilfully deferred, or if it had been pawned or alienated, the culprit would, ipso facto, be deprived of his Fellowship and would cease to be a member of the Society.
There were, generally speaking, two classes of books ; those which were allowed to be taken away from the place where they were usually deposited — often a pledge being left as a guarantee for their safe return — and those which were allowed to be studied in situ, being secured in their place either by chains, or at least by strict regulations. Thus our modern system of combining a lending library with a reference department was anticipated.
Libraries, using the term in the sense of buildings for the repository of books, rather than that of mere collections of books, whether in connection with Monasteries, Universities, or Cathedrals, were for the most part built during the fifteenth century. At Oxford a room for the reception of books had been commenced as early as in 1320. It stood over a vaulted chamber in the N.E. corner of St. Mary's (the University Church) . Books, however, do not appear to have been placed there until 1367. The Library was finally established and furnished in 1409.
In the building accounts of the Library at Exeter Cathedral in 1412-3, are charges for chains for 191 books, not secured before.
In 1418, some books were bequeathed to York Cathedral Library by the Treasurer, John de Newton, and were fastened to the Library desks ; and in 1421 Ralph Lorimer, of Conyngstrete, was paid 23s. Id. for making and mending 40 chains for these books.
About the year 1444, when a special Library Room was erected at Salisbury to cover the Eastern Cloister, one of the Canons gave some books, on the inside cover of two of which, in the handwriting of the period, is a note bidding that they should be chained in the new library.
It was not only in Monastic and University or in Cathedral Libraries that books were carefully preserved ; but within the Cathedrals themselves and in other Churches they were
12 CHAINED BOOKS IN DORSET AND ELSEWHERE.
to be found, kept for the use of readers ; primarily, perhaps for the studies of the clergy ; for the ordinary layman, or laywoman, was in those days, as a rule, deficient in learning, and consequently unable to make use of books.
It has already been pointed out that, early in the thirteenth century, books were chained, for the benefit of students, in St. Mary's Church, Oxford, and that this was the commencement of the University Library ; but, nearly two centuries after the Library had found a permanent home of its own, we read that
In 1414 a copy of Nicholas de Lyra was chained in the Chancel of St. Mary's Church for public use, where it was inspected by the Chancellor and Proctors every year.
Nearly a century previously, in 1327, a Breviary and Missal had been chained up in the Choir of Exeter Cathedral for the use of the people.
In 1365 books were left by Bishop Charleton to be chained at Hereford.
In 1389, at the altar of St. Thomas the Martyr, in Salisbury Cathedral, were chained Psalters and the Liber Matutinalis.
Attached to St. Hugh's shrine at Lincoln, there was " a booke of seint Hugh's life cheyned, and a book of sermons."
In 1472 St. Edmund's, Salisbury, has " ij Legendes, Hugucion y chayned in our lady chapell."
There is an interesting mediaeval inventory at St. Margaret's, New Fish Street, London, in which some considerable number of the books belonging to the Church are mentioned as being " cheyned."
There is an erroneous impression that in pre-Reformation times the Bible was practically a closed book. The following extracts tend to show that, if this was the case, it was only so because many were unable to read, or were ignorant of the Latin tongue : —
In 1369 Bishop Charleton left a Bible, a Concordance, a Glossary, Nicholas de Lyra, and five Books of Moses, all to be chained in Hereford Cathedral.
CHAINED BOOKS IN DORSET AND ELSEWHERE. 13
In the time of Richard II. (1377—1399), in the Royal Collegiate Chapel of Windsor Castle, were 34 books on different subjects, chained. Amongst them were a Bible and a Concordance.
In 1378 Thomas de Farnylaw, Chancellor of York, left, amongst other books, a Bible and a Concordance to be chained in the north porch of St. Nicholas Church, Newcastle, " for common use."
In 1394 a copy of the Gospels in English was left by a chaplain to Holy Trinity Church, Goodramgate, York.
In 1407, amongst other books to be found in St. Mary's Church, Warwick, at the Earl of Warwick's Altar, was a Bible.
In 1491 the parson of St. James', Colchester, wills " that my portuse (breviary) and all my bookys that be bounde, that they be chayned in saint peter 's chappell by the byble.'"
In 1498, in the book inventory, to be found in the wardens' accounts of Bassingbourn, Cambs., is Sir John Hubbertes gift, " the bybull."
In 1506 a Bible in 3 vols., a Lyra in 3 vols., and a Con- cordance were chained behind the Treasurer's Stall in Exeter Cathedral.
Commentaries on various books of Holy Scripture are also frequently mentioned as having been chained in Cathedrals and other Churches.
Towards the close of the fifteenth century, about the time of the invention of printing, many of the College Libraries suffered loss. Books, worn out, were not replaced. Pledges were not always redeemed, and many volumes were permanently alienated. Others were sold or given away by those who had no right to do so. At Exeter College, in 1458, the reason given for books being chained was that some of them had been taken away.
But worse times were to follow. The suppression of the Monasteries involved the destruction of the Monastic Libraries. In three years, 1536-1539, the whole system was.
14 CHAINED BOOKS IN DORSET AND ELSEWHERE.
swept away ; 2,000 Monasteries came to an end. The buildings were pulled down. The books were burnt, or used for such purposes as the scouring of candlesticks, or the rubbing of boots. Others went to the grocers or soapsellers for the wrapping up of parcels, or were cut up by the book- binders as materials for their trade.
The Universities were not spared. The Commissioners of Edward VI., in 1549, considered that they were empowered to reform the Libraries as well as those who used them. Any illuminated MS., even if it had nothing more super- stitious about it than a few rubricated initials, — or a mathematical treatise, if it was illustrated with diagrams, — was doomed to destruction. At Oxford, of the numerous MSS. of which it had formerly been the possessor, 600 of the most important of which had at one time been the collection of Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, — not a theologian, but a cultured layman, — three only now remain.
Henceforth, as new libraries were formed, or some few of the old ones restored, printed books for the most part took the place of MSS. ; but the old conditions to a certain extent were continued, and for two centuries longer many volumes were chained.
The following notices with regard to chaining, and the abolition of chains, at the Bodleian Library, Oxford, during this period, will be of interest : —
A letter, dated 7th Feb., 1643, was written by the Marquis of Hertford, at that time Chancellor of the University, to the Curators of the Library, complaining that many of the books were not properly chained. In reply, the Curators replied that they had ordered to be done all that he required.
At the surrender of Oxford, after its siege, in 1646, General
Fairfax set a good guard of soldiers to preserve the Bodleian.
: 'Tis said there was more hurt donne by the Cavaliers (during
their garrison) by way of embezzilling and cutting off chains
of bookes than there was since."
About 8,000 volumes were added to the Library by Mr. Selden's gift. A condition imposed by the executors
CHAINED BOOKS IN DORSET AND ELSEWHERE. 15
stipulated that within 12 months the books should be placed, and chained, and a catalogue made. Accordingly, in the accounts for 1660 there is an entry of the cost of providing chains for these books, — £25 10s.
In 1751, additional chains were provided for the Library.
The removal of the chains commenced in 1757. And, in 1761, there was a payment made for unchaining 1448 books at one half penny each.
In 1769, some long chains were sold at 2d. each, and short ones at IJd. each. And then, en masse, 19 cwt. of old iron was sold at 14s. per cwt.
Several of the chains are still preserved as relics.
CHURCH BOOKS IN BYGONE DAYS IN WIMBORNE MINSTER.
Of the following items, the first refers to a bequest to Wimborne Minster, the others are extracts from the Church- wardens' Account Books of that parish, which are almost complete from the year 1475.
Walter Hoggis, clerk, of Abbots Ann, Hants, in addition to other bequests, including £10 for the erection of a library at Hyde Abbey, Winchester, left by will, dated 10 Apr., 1488, and proved 5 May, 1490 (P.C.C., Milles, fo. 35), " to the King's church of Wimborne one book which is called ' Sermons of a pupil ' to be placed in some suitable place there."
1495 (goods of the church), " Et 1 missale ex don' deca'i m'g'i Walt's (sic) hart." [i.e., one missal, the gift of the Dean, Mr. Walter Hart].
1510. Itm a payr of testymentys of the coste of Alys Pep.
1529. Payd for a prynt legend [probably a printed copy of the story of Saint Cuthburga, the Foundress of the church (circ. 705)]. xs. iiijd.
1538. payd ffor a new legend of the store of Seynt
Cuthborow vjs. viijd.
1539. Itm payd ffor halff a new byble vijs. v]d.
16 CHAINED BOOKS IN DORSET AND ELSEWHERE.
This would probably be " Matthew's " Bible, published in 1537, which Cranmer had ordered, in 1538, to be supplied everywhere in churches. It was to be provided by the clergy and churchwardens conjointly. In accordance with this order, doubtless the other half of the cost was paid by the Dean and Canons, &c., who then ministered at Wimborne.
1540. Itm payd ffor a new man veil boke for the Church
i]s. iiijd.
1542. Itm payd ffor a deske and a cheyn ffor the bybyll, and mending of a tressell in the markett and nayls
xiiijd.
1547. Itm pd for a bybyll xvjs.
1547. Itm pd for a manuell xviijd.
1549. Itm pd for a parafrasse & a chayne to make hem faste xls.
1564-5. Itm Rec. for the olde Byble
1565-6. Itm payde for ij books of p'yers for envadinge of
the Turke xijd.
1566-7. Itm pd for ij Comunyon books . . xls.
1567-8. Itm pd for a byble .... xxvs. vid.
1568-9. Itm payed for a newe byble (probably the Bishop's
Bible) xxxiijs.
1588-9. Item paied for a new Bible . . xxxiijs. iiijd.
1604. Reed for the ould Bible .... iiijs.
1613. Itm for the Church Bible (no doubt the " Authorised "
Version) Ivjs.
Item for a horse for Mr. Wayne and another for
Henry Allen to Dorchester for the bible and there
dinners. .... iiijs.
1614. Itm for B. Jewels Booke £1 45. Od. Itm a chaine for B. Jewels Booke . . . 9d. Itm for makinge a dext (desk) for B. Jewels
Booke Is. Qd.
Itm (Received) of Chichester Shepton for a rome
(room) under B. Jewel's booke. [i.e., a seat.
The " sittings " were life holdings, and after the
1
CHAINED BOOKS IN DORSET AND ELSEWHERE. 17
death of the occupant reverted to " the
Church."] Is. 2d.
1617-8. It. for a book of Com'on praier . . viijs.
1645-6. For new binding ye Com'union book . 0.01.10.
For a Directorie . . . .0.02.00.
The " Directorie for the Public Worship of God " was a Presbyterian formulary put forth by the Assembly of Puritan Divines, and enforced on the nation by Parliament. Every parish was bound to purchase this book, and anyone who was discovered to be using the Book of Common Prayer, publicly or privately, was fined £5 for the first offence, £10 for the second, and imprisonment and loss of all goods for the third.
Bishop Jewel's Works would probably have been removed during the Commonwealth. Immediately after the Restora- tion of the Monarchy, we find
1659-60. It. For fitting the Booke called Bishop Jewells works & Chaine & a staple 0.02.00.
It. for making the Deske for Bishop
Jewells booke 00.10.00.
1660-1. It. payd for 2 Comon prayer Bookes. . 1.01. 0.
1685-6. pd for binding the Church bible 00.11.00.
pd ffor A Book of Homilies 00.08.00.
pd for the Book of Canons & the 39 Articles 00.02.00.
1691. pd Mr. ffurber for 3 new Common Prayer
Bookes 01.37.00.
With each new reign new Prayer Books were bought : — 1701-2. pd for 2 new Common Prayer Books. . 1. 4. 0.
The books most frequently found chained at the present day in churches are the following :—
The Bible, which is sometimes bound up with the Book
of Common Prayer.
Erasmus' Paraphrase of the New Testament. Jewel's Apology, and Defence of the Apology. Foxe's Book of Martyrs.
IS CHAINED BOOKS IN DORSET AND ELSEWHERE.
The Whole Duty of Man.
The Book of Homilies.
Comber's Companion to the Temple.
An Order of Thomas Cromwell's to provide Bibles in Churches was inserted in the Injunctions of 1536. In 1538 Cranmer ordered that Matthew's Bible should be supplied everywhere in Churches. And on July 31, 1547, there was an Injunction of Edward VI. put forth which ordered that each parish should " provide within three moneths one Boke of the whole Bible of largest volume in English (i.e., the Great Bible which had been published in 1539) the same to be sette upp in some convenient place within the Churche." At the same time it was ordered that a translation of Erasmus' Paraphrase on the New Testament should "within one twelvemonth " be set up in all Churches. This was repeated in 1559.
In 1571, after the death of Bishop Jewel (of Salisbury), Archbishop Parker wrote commending his Defence of the Apology, and urging that it should be placed in Parish Churches where it had not been already procured. And in 1609 Archbishop Bancroft ordered that Jewel's collected works should be placed in Churches in addition to Erasmus' Paraphrase.
In 1571 Archbishop Parker had ordered that Foxe's Book of Martyrs should be placed " in the common halls of Arch- bishops, Bishops, Deans, Archdeacons, and Heads of Colleges," &c. And in 1684 the publishers of a new edition obtained a promise from King Charles II. that Parker's order should be revived.
The Whole Duty of Man was published soon after the Restoration. Its authorship is unknown. It attained an elevation only next to the Bible and the Book of Common Prayer. It was recommended by Bishops to be used instead of sermons, and young clergymen were advised to persuade every family in their parishes to read it three times a year.
It will be noticed from what has been said that, although it was ordered that some of these volumes were to be set up in
CHAINED BOOKS IN DORSET AND ELSEWHERE. 19
the Churches and others were placed there because they were thought likely to be helpful, yet there were no directions given that any of them should be chained. This was done for the sake of securing them.
Lists of Churches and other buildings which are in possession of Chained Libraries and Chained Books have been given in Notes and Queries, Blades' Books in Chains, Dr. Cox's Church Furniture (Antiquary's series), c.f. also Clark's The Care of Books. Excepting for the short notes immediately following, the remainder of this paper deals only with Dorset Church Libraries and Books.
No English Chained Library now in existence can be compared for a moment in interest or in value with the Cathedral Library at Hereford. The building on the site of the old western cloister is modern (1897). In the upper chamber are the old volumes. Originally they numbered 2,000, all chained. Now there are 200 MSS., in the original book cases, chained ; besides a large number of early-printed books also in chains. Amongst the treasures of the Library are an ancient copy of the Gospels, which is probably more than 1,000 years old ; a 13th century copy of the " Hereford Use ; " a copy of the " Bangor Use," written about the year 1400, with a curious charm for toothache inserted in the middle of the book ; a first edition of Caxton's Golden Legend, 1483 ; and a considerable number of Incunabula, or 15th century printed books. It is perhaps unnecessary to state that, preserved at Hereford, in the east aisle of the choir (though of course not chained in the Library), is the celebrated llth century Mappa Mundi.
In 1715 a collection of some 280 chained books was bequeathed to the churchwardens of All Saints' Church, Hereford, and their successors, for the use of the rectors or vicars, by Dr. Wm. Brewster. In 1858, when a bookseller named Head was warden, and the church was in need of money, the entire collection was disposed of to a London firm of booksellers for £100, and narrowly escaped shipment to
20 CHAINED BOOKS IN DORSET AND ELSEWHERE.
America. But the Bishop, hearing of what had been done, interfered ; and after some delay, and the payment of the purchaser's expenses, books and chains were returned from London and restored to their original position in the vestry.
At Minster in Thanet (Kent) for many years past the boards alone of a Bible have been chained, every page of the Volume of which at one time they were the covers having been carried away and, presumably, appropriated by trippers.
At Whitchurch, Little Stanmore, Middlesex, the Earl of Carnarvon, afterwards Duke of Chandos, rebuilt the church in 1715, and had two copies of the Book of Common Prayer chained to the book rests in each pew b}^ means of iron chains about 10 inches in length. Some of the chains still remain in situ ; but only a few of the books aie left, and these in a very imperfect condition.
In the Minutes of S.P.C.K. for June 16th, 1707, occurs the following : — " Mr. Skeat moved that a large decent Bible might be bought for the Use of the Prisoners in the Compter- Prison in South wark.
" Agreed to the said Motion and that the Whole Duty of Man, the Art of Catechising, the Xtian Monitor, and Dr. Gibson's Family Devotion (the last three to be bound to- together) be added thereunto and all to be chained in that Prison."
The Calendar of Treasury Books and Papers (1739-41, p. 18) gives warrant (3 April, 1739) for delivery at a cost of £13 of a folio Bible, folio Book of Common Prayer, and Baker's Chronicle, with iron chains and pins to chain them to the reading desk in the Guard Chamber at St. James' for the use of the Yeomen of the Guard.
Blades (Bibliog. MisceL, 1890, pt. 2, p. 6) states that at Wimborne " a copy of Fox's Book of Martyrs was in bygone days chained to a desk in the dissenting chapel," cf. also Hutchins' Hist. Dorset (last Edn. Vol. III., p. 229). Nothing, however, is now known of this.
CHAINED BOOKS IN DORSET AND ELSEWHERE. 21
CHURCH LIBRARIES (CHAINED AND UNCHAINED) AND CHAINED BOOKS, &c., IN THE COUNTY OF DORSET.
At GILLINGHAM is a collection of 300 books, unchained, which still remain of the 619 volumes left to the vicar and feoffees of the parish lands of Gillingham, in 1718, under the will of Thomas Freke of Gillingham. They consist for the most part of theological works, and are now at the Vicarage.
At KINSON about 220 volumes were given to the Church in 1895 by Rev. P. J. Newell, then a resident of the parish. They are shelved at the west end of the Church.
At MILTON ABBAS is one of the two Dorset Chained Libraries. It consists of 66 volumes, for the most part theological, which were originally kept in the vestry ; but many years ago they were removed to the Vicarage, where they now are. A marble tablet, in the vestry at the Abbey, records the fact that John Tregonwell, Esq., who died in 1680, " by his last will and testament gave all the bookes within the vestry to the use of the Abbey Church for ever, as a thankful acknowledgment of God's wonderful mercy in his preservation when he fell from the top of this Church." The incident happened when he was five years of age. Accompanied by his nurse, he was on the roof of the south transept, and, when her attention was otherwise engaged, he clambered on to the parapet, attracted by some wild flower which was growing out of the wall, and, losing his balance, he fell 60 feet to the ground. The skirts of his dress becoming inflated acted as a parachute and broke his fall. When the nurse reached the ground, to her astonishment and relief, she found the child unhurt and picking daisies.*
But most celebrated of all the Dorset